The Name Of The Country
the Republic of China hereinafter referred to as the Republic of China, Sun Yat - sen's 1905 on Aug. 20, when the founding of the Tongmenghui in Tokyo, Japan, and officially presented publicly to autumn of 1904, Sun Yat - sen in United States published in English on China Issues of true resolve "among the explicitly - - the first from China in the future when the new republic from" the republic "as its title;"Only our antiquated clothes of the Qing monarchy changed to 'the Republic of China" to really solve the Chinese problems autumn of 1904, Sun Yat - sen in United States published in English on China Issues of true resolve "among the explicitly - - the first from China in the future when the new republic from" the republic "as its title;"Only our antiquated clothes of the Qing monarchy changed to 'the Republic of China" to really solve the Chinese problems .
This is the "Republic of China, the word This is the "Republic of China, the word . probably first appeared in August 1905, Sun Yat - sen has been proposed to" expel the tartars, restore china, establish a republic and equalize land rights" of the Tongmenghui oath as a tenet enshrined in the Chinese Inscription ", becoming the first Chinese national revolution partys probably first appeared in August 1905, Sun Yat - sen has been proposed to" expel the tartars, restore china, establish a republic and equalize land rights" of the Tongmenghui oath as a tenet enshrined in the Chinese Inscription ", becoming the first Chinese national revolution partys .
at this very moment, he ultimately determine the future of the newborn republic's" of the title of at this very moment, he ultimately determine the future of the newborn republic's" of the title of . New Years Day of 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China founded,1, on your assumption of the presidency of the Republic of China Sun Yat - sen provisional president Sun Yat Sen New Years Day of 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China founded,1, on your assumption of the presidency of the Republic of China Sun Yat - sen provisional president Sun Yat Sen .
made it clear that "the Republic of China, so the country also made it clear that "the Republic of China, so the country also . for the people, by the people but also those from for the people, by the people but also those from .
" indicating that the Government of the Republic of China for the establishment of a fully representative of all ethnic groups in order to manage the country, the Republic of China's sovereignty should belong to all citizens " indicating that the Government of the Republic of China for the establishment of a fully representative of all ethnic groups in order to manage the country, the Republic of China's sovereignty should belong to all citizens . Sun Yat - sen in 1916 ever elaborated: "Why not say the Chinese Republic, the Republic of China; this is called?The people and the meaning of the word, as men - servants and women - with more than a decade of research results obtained by a person Sun Yat - sen in 1916 ever elaborated: "Why not say the Chinese Republic, the Republic of China; this is called?The people and the meaning of the word, as men - servants and women - with more than a decade of research results obtained by a person .
to the Europe of the Republic, creating far in the country before the turn of the 20th century and nationals, in the case of containing the created spirit, inappropriate that they would follow suit in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as juridical self - satisfaction at having done to the Europe of the Republic, creating far in the country before the turn of the 20th century and nationals, in the case of containing the created spirit, inappropriate that they would follow suit in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as juridical self - satisfaction at having done . is a national, the People's Republic of China; the Republic also
Son of Heaven "," Republic "and" Republic "are consistent in essence with Son of Heaven "," Republic "and" Republic "are consistent in essence with . Sun Yat - sen's idea of a republic in Europe and the US are not the same, he should think creatively and to learn from the west to avoid the disadvantages of the countries in europe and america, and changed its title to" people "words directly representing civil rights, than the" Republican ", a meaning in a more positive and distinct Sun Yat - sen's idea of a republic in Europe and the US are not the same, he should think creatively and to learn from the west to avoid the disadvantages of the countries in europe and america, and changed its title to" people "words directly representing civil rights, than the" Republican ", a meaning in a more positive and distinct .
later communist revolution,in a certain period of time by leaders of the Communist Party of the Republic of China are still continued to use the name of the country. 
Geography
Territorial Scope
in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic, the Republic of China territory according to its existing territory of the People's Republic of China, it did not specify what the inherent territory of the Republic of China in 1946 in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic, the Republic of China territory according to its existing territory of the People's Republic of China, it did not specify what the inherent territory of the Republic of China in 1946 . formally recognized Outer Mongolia's independence, and in 1953 again as the Mongolian territory of the republic of china; including the Mongolian, which covers an area of 1141 8174 million square kilometers, is the world's second - largest by area (after Russia);By 1947 of territory without including the Mongolian, is the world's third largest country in the area of the Territory;The actual control of the territory of the Republic of China comprising the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu Islands, the Dongsha Islands, the Nansha islands Taiping Island and Zhongzhou, the total land area of 3,618. 5 square kilometers of territory of the Republic of China the previous
constitutional provisions laid down in the Constitution include the Constitution (draft) as defined in any one of the territory of the republic of china: a lot of law Article 3: "the territory of the republic of 22 provinces, Inner Mongolia, constitutional provisions laid down in the Constitution include the Constitution (draft) as defined in any one of the territory of the republic of china: a lot of law Article 3: "the territory of the republic of 22 provinces, Inner Mongolia, ." in the Temple of Heaven in the constitution: the territory of the Republic of China in accordance with its inherent territory " in the Temple of Heaven in the constitution: the territory of the Republic of China in accordance with its inherent territory .
territory and its zoning to make no changes to the law of territory and its zoning to make no changes to the law of . the Political Tutelage Period of the Republic of China Article 1: "the territory of the republic of Mongolia and Tibet provinces for the Political Tutelage Period of the Republic of China Article 1: "the territory of the republic of Mongolia and Tibet provinces for .
" May Fifth Draft Constitution Article 4:the territory of the republic of china for Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Xikang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet's inherent territory and the territory of the republic of " May Fifth Draft Constitution Article 4:the territory of the republic of china for Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Xikang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet's inherent territory and the territory of the republic of ., , .
will make no changes to the National Assembly resolved territorial disputes in accordance with the definition of the Constitution of the Republic, the Republic of China in the disputed territory to include the following: Mt. Paektu and of a neighborhood: the actual ownership of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea believes that the Government of the Republic of China ,was the first year of Xuantong (1909), "China and Japan in the Tumen River Man Han delimiting the terms", duck green river as a natural barrier ,was the first year of Xuantong (1909), "China and Japan in the Tumen River Man Han delimiting the terms", duck green river as a natural barrier .
Heixiazi Island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky in Russian): The government of the Republic of China is of the opinion that the ten - year period of Xianfeng (1860) in the China - Russia Beijing Treaty:" to confuse the Wusuli Jiang at the entrance, these are the words Stele Heixiazi Island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky in Russian): The government of the Republic of China is of the opinion that the ten - year period of Xianfeng (1860) in the China - Russia Beijing Treaty:" to confuse the Wusuli Jiang at the entrance, these are the words Stele . from above, in addition to the 64 Jiangdong Village is located in Heilongjiang to the east of Zunyi sealing trip and a moat with marvellous. You have to be an outlier in the river. All of the Erguna, Heilongjiang and is bounded on the west bank of the People's Republic of China until the Argun Abba chart stop
"Jiangdong 64: Bring the views from the Government of the Republic of China on Aba Island Nagisa "Jiangdong 64: Bring the views from the Government of the Republic of China on Aba Island Nagisa . this figure:Government of the Republic of China to the views on this figure:Government of the Republic of China to the views on .
Mongolia (now Mongolia places in most areas) 3 (1): Article 4 of the Constitution: "the territory of the republic of china according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the Mongolia (now Mongolia places in most areas) 3 (1): Article 4 of the Constitution: "the territory of the republic of china according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the ." but that is not what the territory, a twenty - sixth, sixty - four, ninety - one, and Article 119 Mongolia " but that is not what the territory, a twenty - sixth, sixty - four, ninety - one, and Article 119 Mongolia .
mentioned in addition to Article 119, the other section of the Constitution of the Republic has been an amendment was added to the cancel effect mentioned in addition to Article 119, the other section of the Constitution of the Republic has been an amendment was added to the cancel effect . Mints, the Pamirs west, Namkham and slope in the middle of the river, the Ryukyu Islands (to date,Government of the Republic of China did not officially claim any of Ryukyu Islands is a territory of the Republic of China and its neighbors) Mints, the Pamirs west, Namkham and slope in the middle of the river, the Ryukyu Islands (to date,Government of the Republic of China did not officially claim any of Ryukyu Islands is a territory of the Republic of China and its neighbors) .
major controversy includes the Diaoyu Islands and the Paracel and Spratly islands major controversy includes the Diaoyu Islands and the Paracel and Spratly islands . People's Republic of China declared to be extinct in the republic, and felt that its actual control territory of the Republic of China has sovereign People's Republic of China declared to be extinct in the republic, and felt that its actual control territory of the Republic of China has sovereign .
Physical Geography
Location and neighboring China is located to the east of the Asian continent, west coast of the Pacific Ocean, its layout in the Qing Kangxi, Yongzheng period generally laid dry, but since the late Qing Empire and the Eastern and Western powers after gobbling, vast tracts of land annexed and its people and territorial integrity has been incomplete Location and neighboring China is located to the east of the Asian continent, west coast of the Pacific Ocean, its layout in the Qing Kangxi, Yongzheng period generally laid dry, but since the late Qing Empire and the Eastern and Western powers after gobbling, vast tracts of land annexed and its people and territorial integrity has been incomplete . people into the country after China's territory only 116. 65
sq km east to its confluence of the Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River, west to the Pamirs and south from NanshaIslands zengmu reef, north to Mohe in the north of the Heilong River sq km east to its confluence of the Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River, west to the Pamirs and south from NanshaIslands zengmu reef, north to Mohe in the north of the Heilong River . is bordered by Korea in the east, and south to Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, west and southern border with India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, which borders Afghanistan,Russia in the north of the junction with the is bordered by Korea in the east, and south to Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, west and southern border with India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, which borders Afghanistan,Russia in the north of the junction with the .
shape is substantially shaped like a Begonia leaf - like shape is substantially shaped like a Begonia leaf - like . across Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia and other countries and regions across the mountainous terrain across Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia and other countries and regions across the mountainous terrain .
in western China, and in the form of a mesh, and over the eastern plains in the west to the foothills of the mountains have in western China, and in the form of a mesh, and over the eastern plains in the west to the foothills of the mountains have . extension of Altai Mountains, the Tianshan, Kunlun, Qilian Mountains, the Karakoram, the Gangdise and the Himalayas, Yinshan and Qinling, Nanling;stretching north to the south of Hengduan Mountains;In the same throughout the eastern, from northeast to southwest of the mountain ranges of the Da Hinggan Mountains, the Taihang Mountains and the eastern plains of extension of Altai Mountains, the Tianshan, Kunlun, Qilian Mountains, the Karakoram, the Gangdise and the Himalayas, Yinshan and Qinling, Nanling;stretching north to the south of Hengduan Mountains;In the same throughout the eastern, from northeast to southwest of the mountain ranges of the Da Hinggan Mountains, the Taihang Mountains and the eastern plains of .
are the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle - Lower Yangtze Plain are the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle - Lower Yangtze Plain . ordnance is slightly stepped three stage, most in the western part of the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau with an average altitude of 4,000 metres above sea level, is the world's highest and largest plateau, studded with giant asked mountain plateaus and basins for ordnance is slightly stepped three stage, most in the western part of the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau with an average altitude of 4,000 metres above sea level, is the world's highest and largest plateau, studded with giant asked mountain plateaus and basins for .
. is the first rung of the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau in the north and east, altitude 1000 2000 meters of plateau and basin, including the Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau, the Loess Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, the Sichuan basin,Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin is the second stair and is the first rung of the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau in the north and east, altitude 1000 2000 meters of plateau and basin, including the Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau, the Loess Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, the Sichuan basin,Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin is the second stair and .
. a Great Xing 'an Mountains to the east of XueFeng mountains, altitude 1000 meters below the hills to the plains a Great Xing 'an Mountains to the east of XueFeng mountains, altitude 1000 meters below the hills to the plains .
200 meters of the following is the third stair, and 200 meters of the following is the third stair, and . rivers and lakes due to terrain runs west to east, the country's rivers are also more eastward and finally empties into the Pacific Ocean rivers and lakes due to terrain runs west to east, the country's rivers are also more eastward and finally empties into the Pacific Ocean .
major rivers are the Liaohe, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, and Yangtze River, Zhujiang ( major rivers are the Liaohe, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, and Yangtze River, Zhujiang (. flows south of the Brahmaputra, India, Bangladesh, Burma to the Indian Ocean;Irtysh River, which runs north of there, into the Arctic Ocean Marine flows south of the Brahmaputra, India, Bangladesh, Burma to the Indian Ocean;Irtysh River, which runs north of there, into the Arctic Ocean Marine .
or an inability of the inland river, the largest in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Tarim River is the longest or an inability of the inland river, the largest in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Tarim River is the longest . Yangtze, 6,300 km, the basin area of 180 km2; the Yangtze, 6,300 km, the basin area of 180 km2; the .
followed by the Yellow River, with a length of 5,464 km, the basin area of 75 square kilometer followed by the Yellow River, with a length of 5,464 km, the basin area of 75 square kilometer . across the country, the distribution of large and small lakes, while to the Middle - Lower Yangtze Plain and northern most dense distribution across the country, the distribution of large and small lakes, while to the Middle - Lower Yangtze Plain and northern most dense distribution .
, the most significant of the Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, 3976 - square - kilometer area;Hunan's Dongting Lake, 3915 square kilometers); of the Hongze Lake in Jiangsu, 3780 km2;Taihu Lake, , the most significant of the Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, 3976 - square - kilometer area;Hunan's Dongting Lake, 3915 square kilometers); of the Hongze Lake in Jiangsu, 3780 km2;Taihu Lake, . 2200 square kilometers in addition to the above - described freshwater lakes, lagoons, the largest lake, covering an area of 4,400 square kilometers, Xinjiang's Lop Nur, 2200 square kilometers in addition to the above - described freshwater lakes, lagoons, the largest lake, covering an area of 4,400 square kilometers, Xinjiang's Lop Nur, .
2500 square kilometers in addition to natural rivers, lakes, artificial cut of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal, running from Beijing in the north and south reach to Hangzhou, length of 1782 kilometers, communicated the Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantang river systems 5 2500 square kilometers in addition to natural rivers, lakes, artificial cut of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal, running from Beijing in the north and south reach to Hangzhou, length of 1782 kilometers, communicated the Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantang river systems 5 . island Chinese mainland to the east, the south sea, east Bohai Sea, the Yellow River, Yangtze River Estuary is to the south of the East China Sea, Taiwan Strait is to the south of the Bohai Sea is a inland sea island Chinese mainland to the east, the south sea, east Bohai Sea, the Yellow River, Yangtze River Estuary is to the south of the East China Sea, Taiwan Strait is to the south of the Bohai Sea is a inland sea .
,All other marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean in the ocean - - 5000 ,All other marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean in the ocean - - 5000 . listing a plurality of islands, with an area of about 8 square kilometers, is the largest island, 35,700 square kilometers, and the next largest is Hainan, 34,000 - square - kilometer listing a plurality of islands, with an area of about 8 square kilometers, is the largest island, 35,700 square kilometers, and the next largest is Hainan, 34,000 - square - kilometer .
climate and resources due to the ocean and continent between thermal differences, there is a significant monsoon climate, with a vast territory, complicated topography, temperature and rainfall across China, a great difference in climate and various types of climate and resources due to the ocean and continent between thermal differences, there is a significant monsoon climate, with a vast territory, complicated topography, temperature and rainfall across China, a great difference in climate and various types of . high temperatures occurring in summer, cold and dry winter, the Warm - wetness high temperatures occurring in summer, cold and dry winter, the Warm - wetness .
land of vast, complex terrain, climate, and the differences in the area pertaining to a variety of different natural characteristics,China's bountiful natural resources land of vast, complex terrain, climate, and the differences in the area pertaining to a variety of different natural characteristics,China's bountiful natural resources . plain area and produces wheat, rice, corn, soybeans and other crops and oil, hemp, sugar and other crops;In the mountains of tea oil, tung oil, silk, medicine, etc plain area and produces wheat, rice, corn, soybeans and other crops and oil, hemp, sugar and other crops;In the mountains of tea oil, tung oil, silk, medicine, etc .
grazed grassland, forest, mostly in the Northeast, southwest Fujian and Taiwan, the grazed grassland, forest, mostly in the Northeast, southwest Fujian and Taiwan, the . coal, petroleum, iron throughout the country and other minerals are also unusually abundant coal, petroleum, iron throughout the country and other minerals are also unusually abundant .
.
Administrative Divisions
For the first time for For the first time for . at the beginning of the Republic of China in the Republic of China was first established, the local administrative divisions is provided along still clear at the start of the season, 23 in the whole country and the province of the People's Republic of China, under which the people's governments of provinces, Fu (prefecture) or county (state) management of the Office of tertiary at the beginning of the Republic of China in the Republic of China was first established, the local administrative divisions is provided along still clear at the start of the season, 23 in the whole country and the province of the People's Republic of China, under which the people's governments of provinces, Fu (prefecture) or county (state) management of the Office of tertiary .
January 1913, Yuan Shikai's government enacted the "Common" refers to the current local official organizations make ", place the abolition of the old regime, it has been re - established provincial highway, county tertiary management January 1913, Yuan Shikai's government enacted the "Common" refers to the current local official organizations make ", place the abolition of the old regime, it has been re - established provincial highway, county tertiary management . divided into 22 provinces provinces outside divided into 22 provinces provinces outside .
. and another 5 special wards, in addition to serving in the capital of Chang - an is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic, the Great Wall in Shanxi province to the north of the original Naturalization Office the oxymoronic Zhili 12 etc., and Inner Mongolia Hetao outside of Yike Zhao,Wulanchabu JUN Flag pasture 2 leagues established in Suiyuan and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic;the original of Chengde and Chaoyang and Chifeng Two states over old ground and Inner Mongolia in the Zhaowuda, pasture 2 leagues of Jehol established the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic;to frontier areas of YunNan and Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, and the like at adjacent sides of the frontier areas of YunNan and Sichuan was designated a Special Administrative Region;Chungcheongbuk - do, on the mouth of the monolith, Zhangbei, a land inhabited by Doran and Fengzhen of Suiyuan, Xing and, Liangcheng, Lin Tao County 4, Chahar, Xilingol Rangeland in Inner Mongolia and the Eight Banners aqar
Let the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic and another outer Mongolia, Tibet and Ningxia in two places, two areas in Qinghai, for a total of 32 first - level administrative division of the province and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic under Let the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic and another outer Mongolia, Tibet and Ningxia in two places, two areas in Qinghai, for a total of 32 first - level administrative division of the province and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic under ., , .
Road under county of Mongolia and Tibet in Qing Dynasty is basically of the rite to the Monan Mongolia area Road under county of Mongolia and Tibet in Qing Dynasty is basically of the rite to the Monan Mongolia area . adopts a Union flag, south of the desert using unit (AU), the flag, Tibet adopted Zong, that have made adopts a Union flag, south of the desert using unit (AU), the flag, Tibet adopted Zong, that have made .
1914 across the country and path 92,In 1920 rose to 96 1914 across the country and path 92,In 1920 rose to 96 . 1914 1740 throughout the county, plus the banners of county level 209, 1949 the Tertiary of the borough to 1920, there were counties in 1885, and another ruling, the flag 223, the Tertiary of the Regierungsbezirk 1914 1740 throughout the county, plus the banners of county level 209, 1949 the Tertiary of the borough to 1920, there were counties in 1885, and another ruling, the flag 223, the Tertiary of the Regierungsbezirk .
2108 and the second a victory after 2108 and the second a victory after . Northern Expedition in 1927 after the establishment, according to Dr. Sun Yat - sen Outlines for Nation Founding, National Road in the abolition of the division level, the implementation of provincial, county two - level management
1928 on June 21, replaced Province Hebei Province, and changed Beijing Peking Special City, Srivastava, which formerly belonged to 20 people in the counties of Hebei Province,The port Chungcheongbuk - do, people's Chahar 1928 on June 21, replaced Province Hebei Province, and changed Beijing Peking Special City, Srivastava, which formerly belonged to 20 people in the counties of Hebei Province,The port Chungcheongbuk - do, people's Chahar . 5 September 1928 in Rehe, Chahar, and Chuan 4 special district, the military guards and Ningxia Ningxia makes the passage area, respectively set up instead of Jehol, Chahar and Suiyuan and Ningxia, Xikang province 5 September 1928 in Rehe, Chahar, and Chuan 4 special district, the military guards and Ningxia Ningxia makes the passage area, respectively set up instead of Jehol, Chahar and Suiyuan and Ningxia, Xikang province .
5 October of that year in Qinghai and Gansu Local Road Xining area of Qinghai from 1929 changed that 5 October of that year in Qinghai and Gansu Local Road Xining area of Qinghai from 1929 changed that . Jan. 30, the Fengtian province instead of Liaoning provincial
nationwide reached 28, and another outer Mongolia, Tibet, two local nationwide reached 28, and another outer Mongolia, Tibet, two local . 1932 National Government implement the county system, as the Convener of the 1932 National Government implement the county system, as the Convener of the .
and in October of that year created widespread administrative superintendence district, known under the name of the prefecture, the prefecture does not belong to the administrative division.Regional offices of the provinces but 1938 in 15 provinces by the KMT - controlled features 142 prefectures, 1947 and reached 209 1938 in 15 provinces by the KMT - controlled features 142 prefectures, 1947 and reached 209 .
. To the third after victory in the war after the victory of Anti - Japanese War (1937 - 1945), the Northeast was changed to Liaoning, Liaoning, Jilin, Hokiang, Sungkiang, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang River, Xingan 9 provinces, and Taiwan to the motherland, the country's provincial units increased to 35, and another outer Mongolia, Tibet, two local To the third after victory in the war after the victory of Anti - Japanese War (1937 - 1945), the Northeast was changed to Liaoning, Liaoning, Jilin, Hokiang, Sungkiang, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang River, Xingan 9 provinces, and Taiwan to the motherland, the country's provincial units increased to 35, and another outer Mongolia, Tibet, two local .
1946 on January 5, the Government of the Republic of China recognized Outer Mongolia s Independence 1946 on January 5, the Government of the Republic of China recognized Outer Mongolia s Independence . on 5 June 1947, the National Government announced 12 with the labor unions of a province,National boundaries reached 48 on 5 June 1947, the National Government announced 12 with the labor unions of a province,National boundaries reached 48 .
county zoning, on 5 June 1947, except for Tibet, the Government of the Republic of China published a national total of 2,016 county, 57 with common, 40 of the Bureau, and for the establishment of the Authority, 132 were assessed in the Union, amounting to a county zoning county zoning, on 5 June 1947, except for Tibet, the Government of the Republic of China published a national total of 2,016 county, 57 with common, 40 of the Bureau, and for the establishment of the Authority, 132 were assessed in the Union, amounting to a county zoning . 2246 - 1940, the national Government will County is divided into 3 etc., in 1940 after the county was divided into 6, etc
the years of the Republic of China, there was once some free central regime outside the special administrative regions, special administrative regions of these two main kinds: One kind is the founding the Communist Party of Revolutionary Base;Another class of the Japanese puppet Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei puppet "National Government" the years of the Republic of China, there was once some free central regime outside the special administrative regions, special administrative regions of these two main kinds: One kind is the founding the Communist Party of Revolutionary Base;Another class of the Japanese puppet Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei puppet "National Government" .
History
The Rise Of The Democratic Revolution
the Republic of China on the unrest and the great transition of period, semi - colonial and semi - feudal society to the Terminating Period of the Republic of China established the Republic of China on the unrest and the great transition of period, semi - colonial and semi - feudal society to the Terminating Period of the Republic of China established . differs from previous Chinese monarchs of the dynasty, it is the struggle of the bourgeois - democratic revolution and the establishment of a republic in differs from previous Chinese monarchs of the dynasty, it is the struggle of the bourgeois - democratic revolution and the establishment of a republic in .
the end of the 19th century, due to the corrupt Qing Dynasty and the aggression of capitalist powers, in particular the failure of the Sino - Japanese War, the Chinese equivalent to the severe national crisis the end of the 19th century, due to the corrupt Qing Dynasty and the aggression of capitalist powers, in particular the failure of the Sino - Japanese War, the Chinese equivalent to the severe national crisis . advanced Chinese people to explore the way to salvation and advanced Chinese people to explore the way to salvation and .
capitalist economy in China and the development of western political thought and theory of propagation,on behalf of the emerging bourgeoisie began the China political arena capitalist economy in China and the development of western political thought and theory of propagation,on behalf of the emerging bourgeoisie began the China political arena . Sun Yat - sen who led a group of the National Salvation Revolutionary Ideals in the first selection of the road Sun Yat - sen who led a group of the National Salvation Revolutionary Ideals in the first selection of the road .
1894, Sun Yat - sen in the Honolulu Xingzhonghui composed, overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, which resulted in the creation of a unified government claims of 1894, Sun Yat - sen in the Honolulu Xingzhonghui composed, overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, which resulted in the creation of a unified government claims of . Xingzhonghui kicked off the event and the tradition of dynastic cycle mode, while having the characteristic of new era but Xingzhonghui kicked off the event and the tradition of dynastic cycle mode, while having the characteristic of new era but .
Dr. Sun Yat - sen's pioneering work was not possible at that stage as understood by the masses, to follow his ideals and integrity, and more than a hundred only in 1898, Kang Youwei, ,bourgeoisie reformists which take Liang Qichao, headed up by the launch of reform and the consequent failure of the Boxer Rebellion and the allied invasion, and greatly inspired the Chinese society, more and more people are starting to realize that to save China, we must overthrow the Qing government ,bourgeoisie reformists which take Liang Qichao, headed up by the launch of reform and the consequent failure of the Boxer Rebellion and the allied invasion, and greatly inspired the Chinese society, more and more people are starting to realize that to save China, we must overthrow the Qing government .
So, Sun Yat - sen advocated violence against Manchus that accompanied a rapid development of community - wide sports So, Sun Yat - sen advocated violence against Manchus that accompanied a rapid development of community - wide sports . at the beginning of 20th century, a batch of overt or covert anti - Qing revolutionary groups in Hunan have appeared at home at the beginning of 20th century, a batch of overt or covert anti - Qing revolutionary groups in Hunan have appeared at home .
Huang organized by Huaxing, retrocession in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas with Cai Yuanpei as chairman of the Restoration Society, Hubei Scientific Remediation Institute that, Sichuan will have Gongqiang, Anhui has Yue Wang,Guangdong has one group and the like including Zhishe Huang organized by Huaxing, retrocession in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas with Cai Yuanpei as chairman of the Restoration Society, Hubei Scientific Remediation Institute that, Sichuan will have Gongqiang, Anhui has Yue Wang,Guangdong has one group and the like including Zhishe . Xingzhonghui and these other groups, the tissue is generally affected by the influence of traditional secret societies, they contact each other due to the lack of access to Xingzhonghui and these other groups, the tissue is generally affected by the influence of traditional secret societies, they contact each other due to the lack of access to .
launched the anti - Qing uprising or struggle failed, its leaders fled abroad launched the anti - Qing uprising or struggle failed, its leaders fled abroad . revolution of setback did not make the leaders frustrated but gave them a rethink, and the restructuring of the large joint of Sun Yat - sen and Huang Xing revolution of setback did not make the leaders frustrated but gave them a rethink, and the restructuring of the large joint of Sun Yat - sen and Huang Xing .
because of the opportunities for joint advocacy, went into exile in Japan of the revolutionaries in 1905 and opened on 20 August in Tokyo founded the Tongmenghui because of the opportunities for joint advocacy, went into exile in Japan of the revolutionaries in 1905 and opened on 20 August in Tokyo founded the Tongmenghui . membership consists of more than ten provinces of the revolutionaries membership consists of more than ten provinces of the revolutionaries .
This was the first national party This was the first national party . Sun Yat - sen was elected Prime Minister,Huang, who was in charge of the execution unit Sun Yat - sen was elected Prime Minister,Huang, who was in charge of the execution unit .
western bourgeois political party was established, aimed to nationalism in the Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land - based political cliques and jagged horizontal - to new heights this western bourgeois political party was established, aimed to nationalism in the Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land - based political cliques and jagged horizontal - to new heights this . Sun Yat - sen proposed the Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities is to "expel the Manchus, revive china, and establish a republic and equalize land rights";Later thereby further elucidation as to nationality, civil rights, people's livelihood, the content of the Three Peoples Principles Sun Yat - sen proposed the Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities is to "expel the Manchus, revive china, and establish a republic and equalize land rights";Later thereby further elucidation as to nationality, civil rights, people's livelihood, the content of the Three Peoples Principles .
Tongmenghui also announced in the future of the Republic of China, says: "All citizens, to equality for all enfranchised Tongmenghui also announced in the future of the Republic of China, says: "All citizens, to equality for all enfranchised . .
To President by the National Parliament were held to constitute a national lawmakers, enacted the Constitution of the Republic, everyone has talents, dare to have a monarchy" in itself ", which were established and then deliver your attack. " this republic of blueprint, are affected by the feudal autocratic oppression of the Chinese people are a great attraction to the " this republic of blueprint, are affected by the feudal autocratic oppression of the Chinese people are a great attraction to the .
Tongmenghui was established after the issuance of "Min" and other books and newspapers, revealed to Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing government, led by a disastrous crimes, attacked by Kang You - weiLiang Qichao and others trumpeted by Proposition of Constitutional Monarchy, arousing the people to join the ranks of the revolution via Tongmenghui was established after the issuance of "Min" and other books and newspapers, revealed to Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing government, led by a disastrous crimes, attacked by Kang You - weiLiang Qichao and others trumpeted by Proposition of Constitutional Monarchy, arousing the people to join the ranks of the revolution via . with Kang Youwei, Liang polemics, the anti - Qing revolutionary with Kang Youwei, Liang polemics, the anti - Qing revolutionary .
growing. At the same time, Tongmenghui in some southern provinces with continuing attempts of organized societies and the Forces nouvelles uprising of armed uprising to overthrow the feudal Qing Dynasty, is the Alliance would propel the revolution motion of the basic strategic uprising of armed uprising to overthrow the feudal Qing Dynasty, is the Alliance would propel the revolution motion of the basic strategic .
from 1906 to 1911 Pingliuli feels ashamed uprising in April 1911 Huanghuagang Uprising, the revolutionaries fought a total of more than a dozen armed uprisings launched from 1906 to 1911 Pingliuli feels ashamed uprising in April 1911 Huanghuagang Uprising, the revolutionaries fought a total of more than a dozen armed uprisings launched . these revolts though the ruling Qing, hit, bourgeois revolutionaries are a force to be reckoned with,But since the intifada have disengaged from the masses of the purely military risk propensity, which turns out to be unable to threaten the Qing Dynasty these revolts though the ruling Qing, hit, bourgeois revolutionaries are a force to be reckoned with,But since the intifada have disengaged from the masses of the purely military risk propensity, which turns out to be unable to threaten the Qing Dynasty .
while consecutive failures of the uprising, some bourgeois revolutionists who had been bad, became the Alliance would be sapped of its strength and the upper layer of the important reasons while consecutive failures of the uprising, some bourgeois revolutionists who had been bad, became the Alliance would be sapped of its strength and the upper layer of the important reasons .
Wuchang Uprising
the initial years of the 20th century, Chinese society is deeply unstable; spontaneous struggle and the masses of the urban and rural areas as the waves phase - wise, higher and higher the initial years of the 20th century, Chinese society is deeply unstable; spontaneous struggle and the masses of the urban and rural areas as the waves phase - wise, higher and higher
showdown and the uprisings in the northern provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River provinces take place from the famine, feeding the hungry swarms into cities, Rice showdown and the uprisings in the northern provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River provinces take place from the famine, feeding the hungry swarms into cities, Rice . commotion occurred in an effort to resist the revolution, easing the people's discontent, the Qing Government to establish a variety of New Deal: a New Army set up the school, the establishment of provincial advisory bureaus, constitutionalism, etc commotion occurred in an effort to resist the revolution, easing the people's discontent, the Qing Government to establish a variety of New Deal: a New Army set up the school, the establishment of provincial advisory bureaus, constitutionalism, etc .
the end of 1908 the Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu Emperor died, and three - year - old Puyi ascended to the throne, whose father, Zai Feng Jianguo the end of 1908 the Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu Emperor died, and three - year - old Puyi ascended to the throne, whose father, Zai Feng Jianguo . was in question in the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911),Internal battles are fierce was in question in the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911),Internal battles are fierce .
Zai Feng exile leader Yuan Shikai's Beiyang New Army, organized the imperial cabinet, an attempt was made to embrace political and military power in the hands of the Manchu Crony Group, so as to cause the gentry from the officials and generals of Beiyang general discontent with the Zai Feng exile leader Yuan Shikai's Beiyang New Army, organized the imperial cabinet, an attempt was made to embrace political and military power in the hands of the Manchu Crony Group, so as to cause the gentry from the officials and generals of Beiyang general discontent with the . May 1911 the Qing government ordered a "Railroad" May 1911 the Qing government ordered a "Railroad" .
so - called state - owned enterprises (SOEs) and private railway is to seize power and resold to the foreign powers, while the return of land has been set in the so - called state - owned enterprises (SOEs) and private railway is to seize power and resold to the foreign powers, while the return of land has been set in the . merchants from China's predatory policy measures provoked widespread outrage in the merchants from China's predatory policy measures provoked widespread outrage in the .
and the railway rights and interests related to the gentry and the revolutionaries's urging, soon formed a national wave of Protecting Road,Sichuan via railway to the most intense (see the description of Sichuan Road - protection Movement and the railway rights and interests related to the gentry and the revolutionaries's urging, soon formed a national wave of Protecting Road,Sichuan via railway to the most intense (see the description of Sichuan Road - protection Movement .) when Qing government by the Forces nouvelles was transferred to Hubei to Sichuan to suppress the people, the new army of revolutionaries in Wuchang on 10 October 1911 uprising, captured the Governor - General Yamun, rapid recovery and Hankou and Hanyang ) when Qing government by the Forces nouvelles was transferred to Hubei to Sichuan to suppress the people, the new army of revolutionaries in Wuchang on 10 October 1911 uprising, captured the Governor - General Yamun, rapid recovery and Hankou and Hanyang .
in the armed forces of the Ching Li Yuanhong and constitutionalists like all submit to the authority of the revolutionary leader Tang Hualong in the armed forces of the Ching Li Yuanhong and constitutionalists like all submit to the authority of the revolutionary leader Tang Hualong . Li Yuan - hung is taken as the Hubei Military Government of the Republic of China declared the captaincy Li Yuan - hung is taken as the Hubei Military Government of the Republic of China declared the captaincy .
ROC sovereignty is vested in the people;call in all the provinces in response to the revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) uprising of the provinces which shocked the whole country. .
revolutionaries have launched the Forces nouvelles, societies and chambers of commerce. uprising was against the revolution of the constitutionalists and merchants sailed downwind across multiple rudders, steering the republicans and their control of the provincial bureau in turn independent of the authority of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) uprising was against the revolution of the constitutionalists and merchants sailed downwind across multiple rudders, steering the republicans and their control of the provincial bureau in turn independent of the authority of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) .
Fengjiangtaili has abandoned his old job of attempting to escape, are forced to applaud Fengjiangtaili has abandoned his old job of attempting to escape, are forced to applaud . independent for more than a month after the Wuchang Uprising, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan and other provinces and regions have declared independence,the reign of Qing Dynasty collapsed in the presentation of the independent for more than a month after the Wuchang Uprising, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan and other provinces and regions have declared independence,the reign of Qing Dynasty collapsed in the presentation of the .
December 2 the revolutionary army stormed Nanjing, Yangtze River upstream is the revolutionary forces eastwards to all parts of the southern provinces of Hubei and Shanghai Guangfu December 2 the revolutionary army stormed Nanjing, Yangtze River upstream is the revolutionary forces eastwards to all parts of the southern provinces of Hubei and Shanghai Guangfu . junta organized central government initiatives are temporary junta organized central government initiatives are temporary .
30 November, the representative of the provincial conference held in the British Concession in Hankou, decided in the interim government fails to be established before by the Hubei Military Government of the Central Government of the People's Republic of China, Vice President; and, through the government published a 30 November, the representative of the provincial conference held in the British Concession in Hankou, decided in the interim government fails to be established before by the Hubei Military Government of the Central Government of the People's Republic of China, Vice President; and, through the government published a . on behalf of the Conference also decided that the interim government based in Nanjing, held the presidency in elections in the on behalf of the Conference also decided that the interim government based in Nanjing, held the presidency in elections in the .
after repeated consultations,Multipurpose elected leaders of the Revolutionary Party had just returned from overseas of Sun Yat - sen as the provisional president after repeated consultations,Multipurpose elected leaders of the Revolutionary Party had just returned from overseas of Sun Yat - sen as the provisional president . on 29 December, seventeen provinces gathered in Nanjing that year elected as provisional president of the provincial vote each, while 16 a tained on 29 December, seventeen provinces gathered in Nanjing that year elected as provisional president of the provincial vote each, while 16 a tained .
elected Sun Yat - sen to Li Yuan - hung were elected Vice - President, Wuchang elected Sun Yat - sen to Li Yuan - hung were elected Vice - President, Wuchang . remain on New Years Day of 1912, Sun Yat - sen was sworn in as its title of the Republic of China, instead of the Gregorian calendar, 1912 the Republic of China, dating back to the Five - Element Flag remain on New Years Day of 1912, Sun Yat - sen was sworn in as its title of the Republic of China, instead of the Gregorian calendar, 1912 the Republic of China, dating back to the Five - Element Flag .
The Early Years Of The Republic Of China
On October 10, 1911 the revolutionaries launched the Wuchang Uprising successfully, and in the subsequent drive across China two months of the revolution in response to On October 10, 1911 the revolutionaries launched the Wuchang Uprising successfully, and in the subsequent drive across China two months of the revolution in response to . on Dec. 29, the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) of the original 22 provinces that are already in independent of the 17 provinces, representatives elected just repatriation of Dr Sun Yat - sen as the provisional president of the ROC
on January 1, 1912, Sun Yat - sen was sworn in as Asia's first democratic republic of the Republic of China formally established on January 1, 1912, Sun Yat - sen was sworn in as Asia's first democratic republic of the Republic of China formally established . 1, 1912 - March is the interim government of the Republic of China to a lot of law for the interim constitution, Nanjing is the capital of free 1, 1912 - March is the interim government of the Republic of China to a lot of law for the interim constitution, Nanjing is the capital of free .
on Feb. 12,In the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) Yuan Shikai as the prime minister from the minister's advice, Emperor Xuantong Emperor Puyi's mother Empress Dowager Longyu, and issue the abdication idict, "known as the rule of the country, as a Republican, as an" L "for a big part of the Republic of China";So far, the Republic of China officially replaced with the Qing Empire inherited April 1912 Sun Yat - sen's resignation, the Provisional Senate Ren Yuan Shikai selected as provisional president of the capital was relocated to Beijing;After 1928) referred to as the "Beiyang Period", which indicated that the Government of the Republic of China also referred to as the "Beiyang" April 1912 Sun Yat - sen's resignation, the Provisional Senate Ren Yuan Shikai selected as provisional president of the capital was relocated to Beijing;After 1928) referred to as the "Beiyang Period", which indicated that the Government of the Republic of China also referred to as the "Beiyang" .
to represent China in the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference of to represent China in the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference of . is in Beiyang Period of the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China is red, yellow, blue, white and black Flag, a symbol of five - nationality unity for a republic meaning is in Beiyang Period of the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China is red, yellow, blue, white and black Flag, a symbol of five - nationality unity for a republic meaning .
anthem is taken from the Book of Great Shun wrote of the song, which the famous line: "Heavenly light shines day after day" anthem is taken from the Book of Great Shun wrote of the song, which the famous line: "Heavenly light shines day after day" .
Beiyang Era
interim government moved into Beijing, the group with YUAN Shikai taking the lead of the northern warlords regime established interim government moved into Beijing, the group with YUAN Shikai taking the lead of the northern warlords regime established . Yuan Shih - kai the Kuomintang's internal repression, external surrendering sovereignty, called on Sun Yat - sen's force against Yuan Shikai), "The Second Revolution" has occurred due to lax Yuan Shih - kai the Kuomintang's internal repression, external surrendering sovereignty, called on Sun Yat - sen's force against Yuan Shikai), "The Second Revolution" has occurred due to lax .
Kuomintang forces, powerful Beiyang, "Revolution" failed quickly. Yuan Shikai's crackdown on "Revolution", and started the restoration of the monarchy and the activities of the armed organization again Yuan Shikai's crackdown on "Revolution", and started the restoration of the monarchy and the activities of the armed organization again .
Sun Yat - sen Yuan Shikai), protect the country erupted, Yuan Shikai was forced to cancel the monarchy, Sun Yat - sen Yuan Shikai), protect the country erupted, Yuan Shikai was forced to cancel the monarchy, . died in despair after the death of Yuan Shikai, China presented the situation of separatise warlord regimes in Xuzhou died in despair after the death of Yuan Shikai, China presented the situation of separatise warlord regimes in Xuzhou .
warlord Zhang Xun to mediate the "conflicts" in the name,Beijing embraced into Manchukuo, but restoration farce only lasted just 12 days warlord Zhang Xun to mediate the "conflicts" in the name,Beijing embraced into Manchukuo, but restoration farce only lasted just 12 days . Duan Qirui again after the ruling, refused to return to the Provisional Constitution and the Law of the People's Republic of China and Congress convened for the purpose of maintaining the Duan Qirui again after the ruling, refused to return to the Provisional Constitution and the Law of the People's Republic of China and Congress convened for the purpose of maintaining the .
republican institutions, Sun Yat - sen advocated Constitutional Protection Movement, but also the soon - to - fail republican institutions, Sun Yat - sen advocated Constitutional Protection Movement, but also the soon - to - fail . With the capitalism further development of the economy, urging that the bourgeoisie in China's bourgeois - democratic movement of opposing feadal lords of the ruling, Movement With the capitalism further development of the economy, urging that the bourgeoisie in China's bourgeois - democratic movement of opposing feadal lords of the ruling, Movement .
was born in 1915, Chen Duxiu in Shanghai founded "New Youth", became the New Cultural Movement was born in 1915, Chen Duxiu in Shanghai founded "New Youth", became the New Cultural Movement . flag of "democracy" and "scientific"is put forward in the movement's slogan flag of "democracy" and "scientific"is put forward in the movement's slogan .
community contributed to a trend of ideological emancipation community contributed to a trend of ideological emancipation . Russian victory of the october socialist revolution after, Li Dazhao and propaganda of the October Revolution, in China for the first time raised the banner of socialism, so that the New Culture Movement witnessed new development. 
Northern Expedition And Unified
January 1924, the Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou from January 1924, the Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou from . of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang's First National Congress of Kuomintang - Communist co - operation of the implement and the Revolutionary United Front formally established of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang's First National Congress of Kuomintang - Communist co - operation of the implement and the Revolutionary United Front formally established .
and then, the Chinese Communist Party and the Soviet Union, with the help of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou Huangpu Military Academy was established, and for the establishment of the National Revolutionary Army which lays the foundation for the and then, the Chinese Communist Party and the Soviet Union, with the help of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou Huangpu Military Academy was established, and for the establishment of the National Revolutionary Army which lays the foundation for the . Kuomintang after major, national - imperialist national revolution motion develops rapidly, the government also founded the Peasant Movement Training Institute of the backbone;Twice during the Crusades by Chen Jiongming, the Guangdong revolutionary base area has been consolidated and unified;After the First Crusade, founded the National Government in Guangzhou, and compiled the National Revolutionary Army Kuomintang after major, national - imperialist national revolution motion develops rapidly, the government also founded the Peasant Movement Training Institute of the backbone;Twice during the Crusades by Chen Jiongming, the Guangdong revolutionary base area has been consolidated and unified;After the First Crusade, founded the National Government in Guangzhou, and compiled the National Revolutionary Army .
belongs to the downfall of imperialism, the overthrow of the warlords, unifying China, the Nationalist Government began the 1926 Northern Expedition of the Northern Expeditionary belongs to the downfall of imperialism, the overthrow of the warlords, unifying China, the Nationalist Government began the 1926 Northern Expedition of the Northern Expeditionary . victory march in less than half a dozen to the victory march in less than half a dozen to the .
in 1927, the Nationalist Government Was Established in Nanjing, Nanjing Nationalist Government between 1927 - 1928 Northern Expedition completed secondary, conquered the city of Beijing, Beijing (Peking) City Special "(hereinafter referred to as" flat"), with Nanjing as its capital (hereinafter referred to as" Beijing " in 1927, the Nationalist Government Was Established in Nanjing, Nanjing Nationalist Government between 1927 - 1928 Northern Expedition completed secondary, conquered the city of Beijing, Beijing (Peking) City Special "(hereinafter referred to as" flat"), with Nanjing as its capital (hereinafter referred to as" Beijing ".). It is used by the National Government" with a blue sky all over the flag of the People's Republic of China Beiyang Government was replaced by five colors of the flag (later the banner by the Northeast),and kmt "Political Tutelage Period of the"
" ". equivalent constitutional song also deactivated, changed to 1924 in the Whampoa Military Academy were written exposition of" the Three Peoples Principles, I must return to Zong; to build a republic, in order to enter Datong equivalent constitutional song also deactivated, changed to 1924 in the Whampoa Military Academy were written exposition of" the Three Peoples Principles, I must return to Zong; to build a republic, in order to enter Datong .
Consults your toast, for people vanguard; The toiling unflaggingly day and night, the principle from Consults your toast, for people vanguard; The toiling unflaggingly day and night, the principle from . Shiqin Shiyong, I will perform my duties and loyalty;We from beginning to end "as the national anthem Shiqin Shiyong, I will perform my duties and loyalty;We from beginning to end "as the national anthem .
according to 1924, the Government of the Republic of China for Nation Founding," Junzheng "during the successful Northern Expedition in 1928, after the end of the national unity," allocution " according to 1924, the Government of the Republic of China for Nation Founding," Junzheng "during the successful Northern Expedition in 1928, after the end of the national unity," allocution ". period starts due to the civil war continues, and the Japanese invasion of China, until 1946, was declared" The Constitution of 1947 issued, during the time of its end by the end of 1936 period starts due to the civil war continues, and the Japanese invasion of China, until 1946, was declared" The Constitution of 1947 issued, during the time of its end by the end of 1936 .
May "May Fifth Constitution Draft preliminary formal constitutional May "May Fifth Constitution Draft preliminary formal constitutional . after the outbreak of the Sino - Japanese, then postponed after the outbreak of the Sino - Japanese, then postponed .
was the chairman of the national government is Linsen (1932 - 1943),Ching - wei is the premier (1932 - 1935), is a military committee chairman Chiang Kai - shek (1932 -) was the chairman of the national government is Linsen (1932 - 1943),Ching - wei is the premier (1932 - 1935), is a military committee chairman Chiang Kai - shek (1932 -) . owing to repeated pressure within the Kuomintang, which Hanoi, Japanese contact with, the anti - communist and cease operations against the Japanese in 1940 in Nanjing starting another one of Wang's puppet government and the government only owing to repeated pressure within the Kuomintang, which Hanoi, Japanese contact with, the anti - communist and cease operations against the Japanese in 1940 in Nanjing starting another one of Wang's puppet government and the government only .
the Holy See, Italy, Nazi Germany, recognized Wang Jingwei's Puppet the Holy See, Italy, Nazi Germany, recognized Wang Jingwei's Puppet . .
Tokyo died in 1944.
Anti - Japanese War
In 1937, Japan captured successively in North China, and Nanjing, occupies much of the nation's territory, the Nationalist Government was forced to move from Nanjing to Chongqing, fourteen years after the War of the eight years of full - time In 1937, Japan captured successively in North China, and Nanjing, occupies much of the nation's territory, the Nationalist Government was forced to move from Nanjing to Chongqing, fourteen years after the War of the eight years of full - time ., subordinate to the Army of the Republic of China for war and meter 128 infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade of the 46 independent beobliged to nine divisions, six independent brigades; artillery brigade combat team, 20 separate from the regular army, totaling 170 million , subordinate to the Army of the Republic of China for war and meter 128 infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade of the 46 independent beobliged to nine divisions, six independent brigades; artillery brigade combat team, 20 separate from the regular army, totaling 170 million .
1937 - 1945), the National Revolutionary Army belongs to the Fifth, Tenth Army, XIII Corps, the 18th Army, the 26th Army, 52nd Army, at its fifty - ninth army, People's Army,One new army and new armies with a total of six japanese were at 38, 931 times small battle, the 1, 117 of the major battles, the Battle of 22 matches in the competition, the number of casualties up to 330 million people (including the 1937 to 1945 of the replacements) 1937 - 1945), the National Revolutionary Army belongs to the Fifth, Tenth Army, XIII Corps, the 18th Army, the 26th Army, 52nd Army, at its fifty - ninth army, People's Army,One new army and new armies with a total of six japanese were at 38, 931 times small battle, the 1, 117 of the major battles, the Battle of 22 matches in the competition, the number of casualties up to 330 million people (including the 1937 to 1945 of the replacements) . Revolutionary Force who lost their lives due to such factors as the equipment cannot be achieved in a landslide, but also in Taierzhuang, Changsha, Dushan and other warfare, in Shanghai, and the like in air combat. - -Edward Hume:
hit the Japanese on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States and Britain in a formal declaration of war on,Sui China theater of World War II Allies formally became the battlefield of Anti - Fascist Allies hit the Japanese on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States and Britain in a formal declaration of war on,Sui China theater of World War II Allies formally became the battlefield of Anti - Fascist Allies . entrusted claskes Ren China theater (including Vietnamese, Thai, Khmer, present - day Cambodia is Khmer, Lao) commander, Lieutenant General Stilwell served as the Chief of Staff of the British blockade of Jiang entrusted claskes Ren China theater (including Vietnamese, Thai, Khmer, present - day Cambodia is Khmer, Lao) commander, Lieutenant General Stilwell served as the Chief of Staff of the British blockade of Jiang .
the Burma Road is also open to the rear of the Chinese the Burma Road is also open to the rear of the Chinese .) motion compensation at the same time, the military also seeks out on an expedition to the south, left a fight in Maine, bloody deeds to Kunlun gate like ) motion compensation at the same time, the military also seeks out on an expedition to the south, left a fight in Maine, bloody deeds to Kunlun gate like .
in early August 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by successively dropping nuclear weapons, the Emperor of Japan on 15 August as announced unconditional surrender. Empire of Japan on September 2 and signed the instrument of surrender to the allies,accepted the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Declaration, returned the occupation of foreign territory Empire of Japan on September 2 and signed the instrument of surrender to the allies,accepted the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Declaration, returned the occupation of foreign territory .
Nobe Manchukuo collapsed, and Wang Jingwei's government's demise, and Penghu Isles by the Republic of China after receiving Nobe Manchukuo collapsed, and Wang Jingwei's government's demise, and Penghu Isles by the Republic of China after receiving .
In The Context Of Counter - Insurgency - Protecting
In January 1946 the Political Consultative Conference was held in Chongqing, People's Political Consultative Conference adopted a resolution in favour of the people, are welcome In January 1946 the Political Consultative Conference was held in Chongqing, People's Political Consultative Conference adopted a resolution in favour of the people, are welcome . Kuomintang also announced the approval of the People's Political Consultative Conference resolutions, but many retain Kuomintang also announced the approval of the People's Political Consultative Conference resolutions, but many retain .
condition then, in March the convening of two sessions of the Second Plenary Session of the CPPCC does not openly acknowledge the binding, condition then, in March the convening of two sessions of the Second Plenary Session of the CPPCC does not openly acknowledge the binding, . continued one - party state at the same time to demand compliance with the resolution of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the activities of the civil war against TransCanada destruction, repression, organized the "Jiaochangkou event", "Murder by Li Wen" and "Xiaguan tragedy" such as bloodshed continued one - party state at the same time to demand compliance with the resolution of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the activities of the civil war against TransCanada destruction, repression, organized the "Jiaochangkou event", "Murder by Li Wen" and "Xiaguan tragedy" such as bloodshed .
May 1946, the National Government from Chongqing to Nanjing,negotiation between the Kuomintang and also went to Nanjing from Chiang Kai - shek refuse the Communist Party May 1946, the National Government from Chongqing to Nanjing,negotiation between the Kuomintang and also went to Nanjing from Chiang Kai - shek refuse the Communist Party . the excuse of Jiangsu Province and AnhuiProvince, etc, should openly to mobilize 200,000 troops in June, and distinctly lay siege to Xuanhua shop is the center of the Central Plains Liberated Areas, launching a full - scale civil war the excuse of Jiangsu Province and AnhuiProvince, etc, should openly to mobilize 200,000 troops in June, and distinctly lay siege to Xuanhua shop is the center of the Central Plains Liberated Areas, launching a full - scale civil war .
21 April 1949, the Chinese Peoples Revolutionary Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, which issued to Chu Teh, commander in the country 21 April 1949, the Chinese Peoples Revolutionary Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, which issued to Chu Teh, commander in the country . marching order of one million crossing the Yangtze River, which destroyed the Kuomintang Army defences, to support the liberation of Nanjing marching order of one million crossing the Yangtze River, which destroyed the Kuomintang Army defences, to support the liberation of Nanjing .
of the republic of China on the mainland last reactionary government, declared the Kuomintang in mainland in 22 years in the end of the rule of of the republic of China on the mainland last reactionary government, declared the Kuomintang in mainland in 22 years in the end of the rule of Subsequently, the People's Liberation Army occupied Shanghai, Hangzhou,Nanchang, Wuhan and other cities, the total annihilation of the Kuomintang Army 48.43, achieved the victory of Crossing the
residual of the Kuomintang troops began a retreat to Guangxi, southwest and northwest of China and Taiwan, Chiang Kai - shek residual of the Kuomintang troops began a retreat to Guangxi, southwest and northwest of China and Taiwan, Chiang Kai - shek . the front desk, were established in Guangzhou Committee of the Kuomintang very, firsthand knowledge of the political and military power, and then retreated to Sichuan, tried to resist desperately the front desk, were established in Guangzhou Committee of the Kuomintang very, firsthand knowledge of the political and military power, and then retreated to Sichuan, tried to resist desperately .
To wipe out the kuomintang reactionaries, the PLA has deployed the shunt was chasing war which engulfed in Guangxi and Guangdong, Fujian, People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in southwest and northwest To wipe out the kuomintang reactionaries, the PLA has deployed the shunt was chasing war which engulfed in Guangxi and Guangdong, Fujian, People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in southwest and northwest . the triumphal march of Suiyuan, Xinjiang, Hunan,Yunnan province, the kuomintang army and energized the uprising led by Chiang Kai - shek fled to Taiwan and the rest of the the triumphal march of Suiyuan, Xinjiang, Hunan,Yunnan province, the kuomintang army and energized the uprising led by Chiang Kai - shek fled to Taiwan and the rest of the .
.
Political
Constitution
see: Constitution of the Republic of China on December 25, 1946, the National Assembly by see: Constitution of the Republic of China on December 25, 1946, the National Assembly by . 1 January 1947 by the Chinese government in Nanking issued, 14 of which a total of 175 1 January 1947 by the Chinese government in Nanking issued, 14 of which a total of 175 .
"of the Constitution of the Republic" is: to freedom and equality to flaunt, moved the Kuomintang one - party autocracy;Taking the "equalization of landownership", and "regulation of capital" under the pretext of guaranteeing the feudal land system of exploitation and economic monopolies of bureaucrat capital;"to the people, by the" of "democratic republic" in the name of the Kuomintang one - party autocracy and Chiang Kai - shek's personal dictatorship of "of the Constitution of the Republic" is: to freedom and equality to flaunt, moved the Kuomintang one - party autocracy;Taking the "equalization of landownership", and "regulation of capital" under the pretext of guaranteeing the feudal land system of exploitation and economic monopolies of bureaucrat capital;"to the people, by the" of "democratic republic" in the name of the Kuomintang one - party autocracy and Chiang Kai - shek's personal dictatorship of .
Organ Of Power
See: the presidency of the Republic of ChinaSee: the presidency of the Republic of China.
Administrative Organ
See: The government of the Republic from the Government of the Republic of China is the Republic of China took over the administration of the institutions, their earliest history dates back to 1911 in the Nanjing interim government of the Republic of China, after years of Beiyang Government, Nationalist regime such as multiple replacement See: The government of the Republic from the Government of the Republic of China is the Republic of China took over the administration of the institutions, their earliest history dates back to 1911 in the Nanjing interim government of the Republic of China, after years of Beiyang Government, Nationalist regime such as multiple replacement . today of the Government of the Republic of China, lasts in 1948 after the creation of the Constitution, the presidential bias of the dual - leadership by today of the Government of the Republic of China, lasts in 1948 after the creation of the Constitution, the presidential bias of the dual - leadership by .
The Judiciary
See: Judicial Yuan of the Republic of ChinaSee: Judicial Yuan of the Republic of China.
National Leaders
the presidency of the Republic of China: 1911), Sun Wen took up the post of temporary president of the Republic of China, 1949 to October 1, 2005, and after formally taking over the duties of President of the Republic of China: Sun Yat - sen (1911 - 29 December 1913 - 10 October political parties or factions: the Chinese Revolutionary League (1913) - Yuan Shikai on 10 October 1916, 22 March 2005;On December 12, 1915, 1916, June 6, political parties or factions: northern warlord Yuan Shih - kai (1915) on Dec. 12, an emperor and change the name of the chinese empire, was No. Hongxian 22 March announced the cancellation of the monarchy and 22 March announced the cancellation of the monarchy and .
Li Yuan - hung (1916) on 7 June 1917 on Jul. 1;1922 - 12 June 1923 from 14 political parties: the Progress, the Research Department in 1917) Zhang Xun in the July 1 date to the coup, announced the restoration of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) July 12, Duan Qirui regime Li Yuan - hung was the "inverse" - - the overthrow of the 1922 July 12, Duan Qirui regime Li Yuan - hung was the "inverse" - - the overthrow of the 1922 .
12 June recrowned president Li Yuanhong Feng Guozhang (1917 - July 6, 1918, on 10 October, the representative of political parties or factions: Warlords 1917) on Jul. 6, the vice - president Feng Guozhang to the large total Zhi Xu Shichang (1918 - 10 October 1922 June 2 political parties or factions:Anhwei clique warlord Cao Kun (1923) on October 10, 1924 and on 2 November 2004, political parties or factions: the other two warlords) in 1924 and the outbreak of the Second Zhi - Feng War, Feng Yuxiang launched the Beijing coup, which toppled after taking up the post of the presidency of the Chiang Kai - shek who (time: 1948 on May 20, 1949 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 political parties: the Kuomintang Vice President: Li Zongren) on 21 January 1949 Chiang issued a "retirement" message, by the Vice - President Li Tsung - jen ( (time: 1948 on May 20, 1949 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 political parties: the Kuomintang Vice President: Li Zongren) on 21 January 1949 Chiang issued a "retirement" message, by the Vice - President Li Tsung - jen (.
Acting President, on your assumption of the presidency of the time: January 21, 1949, from October 1, 1949 the party:Kuomintang Vice President: no) is to perform on behalf of the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the ROC President legal authority to cancel the highlight - Acting President, on your assumption of the presidency of the time: January 21, 1949, from October 1, 1949 the party:Kuomintang Vice President: no) is to perform on behalf of the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the ROC President legal authority to cancel the highlight - .
National Flag And National Emblem
Eighteen of the Republic of China at the beginning of the Predator, the Flag, and then on a national flag with a blue sky Eighteen of the Republic of China at the beginning of the Predator, the Flag, and then on a national flag with a blue sky . Montreal has three national emblem, the emblem of the Beiyang Government of the 12 chapters, with a blue sky and the emblem of the Nanjing National Government of Wang Jingwei puppet government of Nanjing in broad daylight on a modified version of the emblem of the national anthem Montreal has three national emblem, the emblem of the Beiyang Government of the 12 chapters, with a blue sky and the emblem of the Nanjing National Government of Wang Jingwei puppet government of Nanjing in broad daylight on a modified version of the emblem of the national anthem .
generally refers to northern expedition after the success of the "Three People's song" generally refers to northern expedition after the success of the "Three People's song" . but at flag - using the "Anthem of the Republic of China" but at flag - using the "Anthem of the Republic of China" .
Military
See: The republic of china of the Republic of China introduced military history and the current ROC military of the Republic of China's armed forces" See: The republic of china of the Republic of China introduced military history and the current ROC military of the Republic of China's armed forces" . "of the Constitution of the Republic the provisions of article 36, under the command of the President of the Republic of China, the navy and the exercise of the right to serve as commander - in - command of an army, directly tasked the Minister of State for Defence Minister and the chief of general staff command executed by the command of ROC "of the Constitution of the Republic the provisions of article 36, under the command of the President of the Republic of China, the navy and the exercise of the right to serve as commander - in - command of an army, directly tasked the Minister of State for Defence Minister and the chief of general staff command executed by the command of ROC .
in Mainland China and its neighbors, in addition to the Second World War, the Soviet Union from the Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang, Mongolia, the Northeast,Britain and Tibet continues to happen in a border skirmish in Mainland China and its neighbors, in addition to the Second World War, the Soviet Union from the Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang, Mongolia, the Northeast,Britain and Tibet continues to happen in a border skirmish . of the Republic of China Beiyang administration had dispatched a small military involvement in the First World War of the Republic of China Beiyang administration had dispatched a small military involvement in the First World War .
during the Second World War, the western border with the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom there has been extensive disagreement and conflict, some of which even to the People's Republic of China in the period of use of force for the settlement of during the Second World War, the western border with the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom there has been extensive disagreement and conflict, some of which even to the People's Republic of China in the period of use of force for the settlement of . second civil war after the defeat in Southeast Asia (except for a few troops north of the station alone and the remaining government troops) forces escort personnel and some of their gold, treasure traveled to Taiwan from, after the Battle of Kuningtou hold reached Releasing and separateness from mainland to Taiwan from second civil war after the defeat in Southeast Asia (except for a few troops north of the station alone and the remaining government troops) forces escort personnel and some of their gold, treasure traveled to Taiwan from, after the Battle of Kuningtou hold reached Releasing and separateness from mainland to Taiwan from .
of the R.O. C,The vast majority of military operations in the conflict with the People's Republic of China, these conflicts contain the sailors, and airmen of the armed conflict in the taiwan strait military confrontations with the character except to defend American interests, including resist Communist Party attempts to cross the sea of the Republic of China and preventing civil war character except to defend American interests, including resist Communist Party attempts to cross the sea of the Republic of China and preventing civil war .
counterattack had also derived a lot of problems and conflict in the surrounding, for example to evacuate into the exotic world of northern Myanmar, withdrawn into the Phu Quoc, Vietnam etc. by which military 
Economic
World War II began, there were 92 cities opening to the outside, the railway and steamship would be the city's external coupling World War II began, there were 92 cities opening to the outside, the railway and steamship would be the city's external coupling . new occupational and domestic and foreign enterprises in these cities are developed, the industrial growth in the 1912 - 1920 up to 13. 4%, 1921 - 1922 had a short recession, 1923 - 1936, 8. 7%, 1912 - 1942, the average growth rate of 8. 4%, the entire 1911 - 1949, the average growth is 5. 6%
while in pre - WWII Republic, despite continuous wars,Industrial growth is also high (8 - 9% while in pre - WWII Republic, despite continuous wars,Industrial growth is also high (8 - 9% . traditionally regarded the First World War, reflecting a decrease of foreign products on China's national industry and competitive pressure, so that the China National Industry in the First World War and had the opportunity during the development of views is arbitrary and without basis, actually World War I that foreign direct investment declined, causing many industrial projects due to lack of much - needed equipment had to be delaying foreign investment traditionally regarded the First World War, reflecting a decrease of foreign products on China's national industry and competitive pressure, so that the China National Industry in the First World War and had the opportunity during the development of views is arbitrary and without basis, actually World War I that foreign direct investment declined, causing many industrial projects due to lack of much - needed equipment had to be delaying foreign investment .
hampered the development of China's national industry to the question - and there is no empirical data to support the Chinese people of all modern industrial total in the modern industry's share of the U.S. before the Second World War has been no decline in theChina's per capita foreign investment in 1914 is $3.75, 1936 is 6. $97 compared to India and Latin America a much lower 1930s foreign investment accounts for only 1 per cent of their gross national product of the anti - Japanese war when 1930s foreign investment accounts for only 1 per cent of their gross national product of the anti - Japanese war when .
in the highest proportion of foreign investment is the Japanese - occupied Northeast in the highest proportion of foreign investment is the Japanese - occupied Northeast . its economic development is the best part of China's economic development, China's investment rate is 5%, while the northeast up to 17% in 1937, 1939 up to 23% its economic development is the best part of China's economic development, China's investment rate is 5%, while the northeast up to 17% in 1937, 1939 up to 23% .
This is Japan's main economic legal system of private property rights protection very well, he doesn't apply for government - owned,Nothing opportunism behavior This is Japan's main economic legal system of private property rights protection very well, he doesn't apply for government - owned,Nothing opportunism behavior . Japanese people in the northeast of the high investment rates and stimulated the development of private enterprises Japanese people in the northeast of the high investment rates and stimulated the development of private enterprises .
Rural Economy
in the era of the Republic of land institution since 1930 by the law of the land of the Qing Dynasty enacted while relatively more mature in the era of the Republic of land institution since 1930 by the law of the land of the Qing Dynasty enacted while relatively more mature . but due to lack of primogeniture, the flames of war, the institutionalization of the land market is still underdeveloped, so the household land divided into small blocks of land per household decreased by but due to lack of primogeniture, the flames of war, the institutionalization of the land market is still underdeveloped, so the household land divided into small blocks of land per household decreased by .
1910 is 2. 62 hectares, 1933 2. 27 hectares of land ownership in the Republic of China when the distribution is not averaged, but other than that behind the national average of 73 per cent of the average family has 15 acres, of land they occupied all the land of 28%, while 5% of the average household owns more than 50 acres of cultivated land,total cultivated area of 34% 27 hectares of land ownership in the Republic of China when the distribution is not averaged, but other than that behind the national average of 73 per cent of the average family has 15 acres, of land they occupied all the land of 28%, while 5% of the average household owns more than 50 acres of cultivated land,total cultivated area of 34% .
Republic capitalist who leased the employees of large - scale agricultural operations that are not prevalent Republic capitalist who leased the employees of large - scale agricultural operations that are not prevalent . 1930s, 50% of the agricultural population and renting out land - related, 30% of tenant farming land is tenanted, 20% or more of the tenant farmers cultivating their land tenancy while part of the arable land in the Yangtze River waterway 1930s, 50% of the agricultural population and renting out land - related, 30% of tenant farming land is tenanted, 20% or more of the tenant farmers cultivating their land tenancy while part of the arable land in the Yangtze River waterway .
fine network is used to form a regional grain market, therefore this area of specialization of urbanization, the original capitalist from China are the most developed regional professional brokers here fine network is used to form a regional grain market, therefore this area of specialization of urbanization, the original capitalist from China are the most developed regional professional brokers here . tenancy was sharecropping tenancy was sharecropping .
is not very poor,There are gobs of smaller height than that of the sharecroppers - farmers in the rich, who forged a capitalist - style tenancy, hire the commercial farming sector of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China in 1932 on is not very poor,There are gobs of smaller height than that of the sharecroppers - farmers in the rich, who forged a capitalist - style tenancy, hire the commercial farming sector of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China in 1932 on . 849 investigations described as rent contracts, the diversification of 220 leased the land from the county for insurance) is very common, mainly rents through a combination of cash, in kind and divided into three fixed rent rent form 849 investigations described as rent contracts, the diversification of 220 leased the land from the county for insurance) is very common, mainly rents through a combination of cash, in kind and divided into three fixed rent rent form .
the Nationalist Government in 1934, who said more then 50. 7% of the tenants to pay fixed rent, 28. 1% rent divided into Fu, 21. 2% pay fixed cash rent, and the 1934 - 1935 land survey suggests three key numbers respectively 60%,15% and 24. 62%, while the labor rent accounts for 0. 24% divided into how many landlords rent according to whether the provision of seed, tools, farm cattle, split the rent is higher than the rent fixed kain 12. 9%, which in turn is higher than a fixed cash rent landlords do not
11 per cent in the provision of seed, tools, animals, the average rent is about 43. 3% kain sharecroppers in fixed proportion is high, and high yield of the appellation more common kain sharecroppers in fixed proportion is high, and high yield of the appellation more common .
1930 of the Land in one clause giving tenants indefinitely on top of that,Unless he's made to recover land plots for subleasing 1930 of the Land in one clause giving tenants indefinitely on top of that,Unless he's made to recover land plots for subleasing . such a clause and is disadvantageous for an efficient system of land formed such a clause and is disadvantageous for an efficient system of land formed .
although this provision in the 1940s the Kuomintang regions are not strictly enforced, but it was later opened to Reformation of Land of the right of property, therefore, the long - term negative effects on economic growth and although this provision in the 1940s the Kuomintang regions are not strictly enforced, but it was later opened to Reformation of Land of the right of property, therefore, the long - term negative effects on economic growth and ., the Government of the Republic of China in the 1930s; it had also the rent limit in 37% of the policy, this policy is only a few provinces in 1949 , the Government of the Republic of China in the 1930s; it had also the rent limit in 37% of the policy, this policy is only a few provinces in 1949 .
implement restrictions of KMT's rental policy during the War of the Eighth Route Army - controlled areas and also the widespread implementation of these policies also undermine implement restrictions of KMT's rental policy during the War of the Eighth Route Army - controlled areas and also the widespread implementation of these policies also undermine . because of the freedom of contract,while the long - term negative impact on economic growth and because of the freedom of contract,while the long - term negative impact on economic growth and .
1930s Chinese agricultural productivity to rice bushels an acre, slightly above the Meiji reform in Japan, the ratio of the 1920s and 1930s, Japan's low 30%, the yield of wheat in the United States in its day, but the productivity of the U.S. is 1 / 14 which shows that China's agricultural modernization is not in, but not very much behind which shows that China's agricultural modernization is not in, but not very much behind .
But throughout the Republican era, the right to property due to the civil law, land law, law of adopted and are implementing the modernization of the Qing Dynasty government gradually But throughout the Republican era, the right to property due to the civil law, land law, law of adopted and are implementing the modernization of the Qing Dynasty government gradually . arbitrarily encroaches upon the property of the outlawing of the traditional Chinese concept of sharecroppers in perpetuity,landowners and land sales after the price can never redeem the land of the concepts of modern land free trading concept and judicial cases in place of the Republic of China rural arbitrarily encroaches upon the property of the outlawing of the traditional Chinese concept of sharecroppers in perpetuity,landowners and land sales after the price can never redeem the land of the concepts of modern land free trading concept and judicial cases in place of the Republic of China rural .
maintained the high fertility and high mortality, basic self - sufficiency of the rural population accounts for 75% of the population, agricultural output output in 65% maintained the high fertility and high mortality, basic self - sufficiency of the rural population accounts for 75% of the population, agricultural output output in 65% . the involvement of children in the higher division of the population, mostly in large - and medium - sized cities with a population of only 6% of the population of the involvement of children in the higher division of the population, mostly in large - and medium - sized cities with a population of only 6% of the population of .
commercial, transportation, and the Republic of China rural finance, although basic was self - sufficient, but the professional businessman in the commercial development of cities and the coastal areas than generally lags behind developed countries,This is referred to as a business capitalist or capitalism - the original commercial, transportation, and the Republic of China rural finance, although basic was self - sufficient, but the professional businessman in the commercial development of cities and the coastal areas than generally lags behind developed countries,This is referred to as a business capitalist or capitalism - the original . Shanghai, Ningbo and other coastal areas of the major domestic trade and in the final production of consumer goods in the division of labour is a major focus of these businessmen Shanghai, Ningbo and other coastal areas of the major domestic trade and in the final production of consumer goods in the division of labour is a major focus of these businessmen .
this commercial capitalism that led to a deepening of division of a business, professional trade merchants of different processing for different components of the warehouse and the emergence of professional, specialized coordination, provision of business associations and chambers of commerce, but also had a well - developed China's own financial network, this commercial capitalism that led to a deepening of division of a business, professional trade merchants of different processing for different components of the warehouse and the emergence of professional, specialized coordination, provision of business associations and chambers of commerce, but also had a well - developed China's own financial network, . Shanxi Piaohao is one such adaptation for its business after the financial services required by the network,It issued monetary function of bill credit and Shanxi Piaohao is one such adaptation for its business after the financial services required by the network,It issued monetary function of bill credit and .
various lenders and pawnbrokers are also in the coastal area and to bring the network to form a variety of customary law and private law various lenders and pawnbrokers are also in the coastal area and to bring the network to form a variety of customary law and private law . also developed, in order to adjust the prosperous commerce and financial activity in the division of work and the related transactions to improve transaction efficiency also developed, in order to adjust the prosperous commerce and financial activity in the division of work and the related transactions to improve transaction efficiency .
Financial Industry
reaches of the Yangtze River in the powerful businessmen and handicraftsmen piece of outer wrapping reaches of the Yangtze River in the powerful businessmen and handicraftsmen piece of outer wrapping . of the Late Qing Dynasty, the modern financial and trade systems developed in the era of the Republic Government of 1929 - 1930 got rid of fixed tariffs must pay war reparations, fully obtain the tariff autonomy, increase tariff of the Late Qing Dynasty, the modern financial and trade systems developed in the era of the Republic Government of 1929 - 1930 got rid of fixed tariffs must pay war reparations, fully obtain the tariff autonomy, increase tariff .
30 's, the government also relieves some of the concessions, but recovered, with both of the economic effect is the negative of the 30 's, the government also relieves some of the concessions, but recovered, with both of the economic effect is the negative of the . 1930 tariff from silver to gold, which are unified by the Salt March 1928 the national financial system, the various taxes and levies a tax of unified into the central government and local government land tax,In 1933 a unified currency, almost ceased by the end of silver coins in 1935 using the reserves to support the Government to establish the modern system of banknotes, the silver completely Banned as 1930 tariff from silver to gold, which are unified by the Salt March 1928 the national financial system, the various taxes and levies a tax of unified into the central government and local government land tax,In 1933 a unified currency, almost ceased by the end of silver coins in 1935 using the reserves to support the Government to establish the modern system of banknotes, the silver completely Banned as .
official currency of China's central bank, the Bank of China, Bank of Communications, officially issued paper money, the government launched the annual budget, tax and financial reporting systems have greatly improved official currency of China's central bank, the Bank of China, Bank of Communications, officially issued paper money, the government launched the annual budget, tax and financial reporting systems have greatly improved . Modern Government Bonds In 1931 - 1932 also developed Modern Government Bonds In 1931 - 1932 also developed .
bonds covering national government banks and private banks were buying Shanghai bonds covering national government banks and private banks were buying Shanghai . national governments which had both a central bank and commercial bank functions, without distinction,to make corruption and the behavior of country opportunist national governments which had both a central bank and commercial bank functions, without distinction,to make corruption and the behavior of country opportunist .
institutionalized by the four large private banks and official banking personnel to cross arrangement, also make bad capitalism and the collusion of institutionalized by the four large private banks and official banking personnel to cross arrangement, also make bad capitalism and the collusion of . emerge but after 1949 than has been the private banking sector in the period of fairly free and well - developed, 1928 - 1937, a total of 160 private bank to establish modern, they possess 1597 branches emerge but after 1949 than has been the private banking sector in the period of fairly free and well - developed, 1928 - 1937, a total of 160 private bank to establish modern, they possess 1597 branches .
modern capital from 1928 of 1. 86 billion in 1935 of 4.47 billion yuan of deposits from 11. 2 billion to 37. 8 billion but due to the four official banking monopoly,considerable financial resources will primarily be used to provide the Government with the unification of the military, for improving the efficiency of public services for the transaction of the specific gravity is too small, the four bank due to bureaucratic government, nor the competition rules effectively to support the economic development of the modern but due to the four official banking monopoly,considerable financial resources will primarily be used to provide the Government with the unification of the military, for improving the efficiency of public services for the transaction of the specific gravity is too small, the four bank due to bureaucratic government, nor the competition rules effectively to support the economic development of the modern .
profitable financial and monetary system of development, trade efficiency can be greatly improved, thus promoting the evolution of the whole society productivity profitable financial and monetary system of development, trade efficiency can be greatly improved, thus promoting the evolution of the whole society productivity . but because China has not really united, 1928 - 1937 central control 70% of revenue for the war of unification, while the central and local fiscal control in 1929 to reach only the provinces of Zhejiang, JiangsuAnhui, Jiangxi and Henan but because China has not really united, 1928 - 1937 central control 70% of revenue for the war of unification, while the central and local fiscal control in 1929 to reach only the provinces of Zhejiang, JiangsuAnhui, Jiangxi and Henan .
while the five provinces in central and local government outlays (1931 - 1936 national income of 3. 2 - 6%, well below the U.S. government in 1929 of 8. 2% particularly after the Second World War, the Japanese government due to the large number of private enterprise nationalised, the government's heavy industry monopoly, as China's industrial nationalization and private free - enterprise system development to create the economic conditions on the structure of the Late Republic particularly after the Second World War, the Japanese government due to the large number of private enterprise nationalised, the government's heavy industry monopoly, as China's industrial nationalization and private free - enterprise system development to create the economic conditions on the structure of the Late Republic .
ln the defeat in the war, financial financial system collapsed,inflation is as high as 200% ln the defeat in the war, financial financial system collapsed,inflation is as high as 200% . bill therefore becomes a tool of government robbing people of their property, people in droves the banknotes being returned to the commodity currencies and barter transaction, the banknotes in the improvement of trade efficiency and cannot exhibit the function, and thus the level of division of labor has been a significant decrease in productivity owing to the collapse of the Republican era bill therefore becomes a tool of government robbing people of their property, people in droves the banknotes being returned to the commodity currencies and barter transaction, the banknotes in the improvement of trade efficiency and cannot exhibit the function, and thus the level of division of labor has been a significant decrease in productivity owing to the collapse of the Republican era .
traffic conditions also exhibit the feature of dual economy traffic conditions also exhibit the feature of dual economy . cargoes and the system is still the backward traditional modes of transport, in 1933 the traditional handmade, wooden boats, teaming mode's contribution to the growth of GDP is three times that of the modern modes of transportation in Northeast Japan cargoes and the system is still the backward traditional modes of transport, in 1933 the traditional handmade, wooden boats, teaming mode's contribution to the growth of GDP is three times that of the modern modes of transportation in Northeast Japan .
1915 production of coking coal per tonne,Hanyang is transported 24. 54 yuan a ton, transaction cost is the cost of 3. 27 times mainly due to political unrest, railway construction caused 27 times mainly due to political unrest, railway construction caused .
Traffic
At the end of the Qing Dynasty - 9618 km of railroads, the Republic of China were organised on a 15,000 kilometer, where one - third by the Japanese in the Northeast built during the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) At the end of the Qing Dynasty - 9618 km of railroads, the Republic of China were organised on a 15,000 kilometer, where one - third by the Japanese in the Northeast built during the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) . basic road construction has not made public, in part due to the fact that the unification of the needs of the war and conducted large - scale highway construction, a total of 116,000 Xiucheng km, mostly in 1928 after the Kuomintang government built by basic road construction has not made public, in part due to the fact that the unification of the needs of the war and conducted large - scale highway construction, a total of 116,000 Xiucheng km, mostly in 1928 after the Kuomintang government built by .
from customs records, nonmotorized transportation of goods in the 1920s began to decline from customs records, nonmotorized transportation of goods in the 1920s began to decline .
Diplomatic
See: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, the Republic of China is in charge of diplomacy and foreign affairs, the supreme body of the See: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, the Republic of China is in charge of diplomacy and foreign affairs, the supreme body of the . in 1911, the Republic of China after the founding of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) was reorganized as the Ministry of External Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Lifan portion due to racial equality reflects the abolition of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China at the highest post in 1911, the Republic of China after the founding of the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) was reorganized as the Ministry of External Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Lifan portion due to racial equality reflects the abolition of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China at the highest post .
, period and the fact that said "with a total length of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China", and the Government, referred to as" minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China "built on the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China , period and the fact that said "with a total length of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China", and the Government, referred to as" minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China "built on the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China . North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, located at No. 32, is a member of the Standing Committee of Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress, or the like held in the place
Culture
the Republic of China period, people democracy and pursue science never dwell on small island developing States, for the purpose of the thoughts and the campaign has seen a succession of the Republic of China period, people democracy and pursue science never dwell on small island developing States, for the purpose of the thoughts and the campaign has seen a succession of . first lifted both the standard - bearer, is first lifted both the standard - bearer, is .
Movement after the May 4th Movement, the pursuit of scientific and democratic thoughts and the campaign continued to develop Movement after the May 4th Movement, the pursuit of scientific and democratic thoughts and the campaign continued to develop . scientific aspects, the most significant of the scientific school, the school countered a metaphysics of the "controversy";Early 1930s to before the war to "save the nation theory" under the guidance of "The Scientific Movement";Left - wingers in the same period of the "new science" movement scientific aspects, the most significant of the scientific school, the school countered a metaphysics of the "controversy";Early 1930s to before the war to "save the nation theory" under the guidance of "The Scientific Movement";Left - wingers in the same period of the "new science" movement .
democracy, under the leadership of his party, the people;Hu shih and Luo Longki launched the bourgeois, "human rights";the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the founding of the People's democracy movement, etc democracy, under the leadership of his party, the people;Hu shih and Luo Longki launched the bourgeois, "human rights";the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the founding of the People's democracy movement, etc . Anti - Japanese War eve, the left - wing intellectuals has also launched a new enlightenment, to inherit and transcend the May 4th Movement, and he again democracy and scientific enlightenment as targets, demonstrating the development of cultural and ideological movements and spiraling Anti - Japanese War eve, the left - wing intellectuals has also launched a new enlightenment, to inherit and transcend the May 4th Movement, and he again democracy and scientific enlightenment as targets, demonstrating the development of cultural and ideological movements and spiraling .
not only during the War of Resistance Against Japan, and even since the outbreak of the war, are still able to see this movement as the aftermath of the not only during the War of Resistance Against Japan, and even since the outbreak of the war, are still able to see this movement as the aftermath of the . on democracy and science advocate, and they became the culture of "Soul of the Age on democracy and science advocate, and they became the culture of "Soul of the Age .
in this period, and cultural areas of development, were all permeated with the spirit of the pursuit of the democratization and scientific education in this period, and cultural areas of development, were all permeated with the spirit of the pursuit of the democratization and scientific education .,This period of reform in education of the most authoritative guide to principles that Dewey promoted by populist or democratic) educational ,This period of reform in education of the most authoritative guide to principles that Dewey promoted by populist or democratic) educational .
it emphasized the equality of the acceptance of the right to education, the cultivation of the human personality and independent personality, spiritual importance to accelerate China's modern education in the past, its work Seijas it emphasized the equality of the acceptance of the right to education, the cultivation of the human personality and independent personality, spiritual importance to accelerate China's modern education in the past, its work Seijas . aspect of art, is also one on democracy and science spirit in hot pursuit of aspect of art, is also one on democracy and science spirit in hot pursuit of .
from period of May 4th Movement, vernacular began to replace Classical Chinese, and Chinese literature and art of feudal obscurantism to become the most important themes of from period of May 4th Movement, vernacular began to replace Classical Chinese, and Chinese literature and art of feudal obscurantism to become the most important themes of . "The Scream", "The Story of Ah Q" and "Sister Xianglin", of Bajin's Riptide Trilogy "home","Spring", "autumn", is based on the subject and the vernacular form of the perfect combination of classic "The Scream", "The Story of Ah Q" and "Sister Xianglin", of Bajin's Riptide Trilogy "home","Spring", "autumn", is based on the subject and the vernacular form of the perfect combination of classic .
such works, literature historians call "the theme of enlightenment literature" such works, literature historians call "the theme of enlightenment literature" . In addition, the rise of popular language movement in the 1920s and 1930s, the era of "peasant - soldier literary and artistic", advocating the spirit of democracy is the direct product of In addition, the rise of popular language movement in the 1920s and 1930s, the era of "peasant - soldier literary and artistic", advocating the spirit of democracy is the direct product of .
publication aspect law, democratization and the pursuit of the same intense and persistent publication aspect law, democratization and the pursuit of the same intense and persistent .
Population
China is a unified country with many nationalities, including Han and minority China is a unified country with many nationalities, including Han and minority . 50 more years of the Republic of China, and has a population of about 4 million, the majority Han population accounted for 90% or more, followed by that of other ethnic minorities, with a population of less than 10% of the population of the Republic 50 more years of the Republic of China, and has a population of about 4 million, the majority Han population accounted for 90% or more, followed by that of other ethnic minorities, with a population of less than 10% of the population of the Republic .
38 years, brief as a footnote in history, this is a politically very unstable transitional 38 years, brief as a footnote in history, this is a politically very unstable transitional . population in history, it's also just a tumultuous period of transition, the population data are incomplete and inaccurate count of the population in history, it's also just a tumultuous period of transition, the population data are incomplete and inaccurate count of the .
in a variety of comprehensive data, it is possible to know in 1912 as that of the local population 41964 Wan,1949 54167 million people, basically in a state in which the slow growth of the population of the Republic of China in a variety of comprehensive data, it is possible to know in 1912 as that of the local population 41964 Wan,1949 54167 million people, basically in a state in which the slow growth of the population of the Republic of China . has several characteristics: high birth - rate, high mortality rates, low growth rate, the time in the country showed that the mortality rate was 2. 76%, 3.04%, 4%, and the infant mortality rate is higher, up to 15. 6%, average life expectancy stands at only 35 years old, even though the city is the 40 - year - old
gender imbalance, with women, has led to many social problems, was a male / female ratio is 110: 100 imbalance in population density gender imbalance, with women, has led to many social problems, was a male / female ratio is 110: 100 imbalance in population density . .
in the southeast part of the density of population, Jiangsu increased to 379 inhabitants / km2,And then the desolate northwest, Xinjiang is 2. 38 inhab. / km2
Ethnic
China is a unified country with many nationalities, including Han and minority China is a unified country with many nationalities, including Han and minority . 50 more years of the Republic of China, and has a population of about 4 million, the majority Han population accounted for 90% or more, followed by that of other ethnic minorities, with a population of less than 10% of the population of the Republic of China on the basis of equal and free 50 more years of the Republic of China, and has a population of about 4 million, the majority Han population accounted for 90% or more, followed by that of other ethnic minorities, with a population of less than 10% of the population of the Republic of China on the basis of equal and free .
"Wuzu Gonghe" in the Period of the Republic of China is the recognition of minorities in the work from the modern "nation - state" of the intrinsic needs of the national classification and identification in itself, to safeguard national unity, frontier stability in Asia to provide academic support;Meanwhile the Republic of Western scholars of ethnology knowledge of national classification standards for new Chinese ethnic identification work provides a scientific standard "Wuzu Gonghe" in the Period of the Republic of China is the recognition of minorities in the work from the modern "nation - state" of the intrinsic needs of the national classification and identification in itself, to safeguard national unity, frontier stability in Asia to provide academic support;Meanwhile the Republic of Western scholars of ethnology knowledge of national classification standards for new Chinese ethnic identification work provides a scientific standard . People's Republic of China of ethnic identification work succeeded the Period of the Republic of China national classification study People's Republic of China of ethnic identification work succeeded the Period of the Republic of China national classification study .
modern ethnic education being the contribution of the Republic;the formulation of the future national education policy and also draw the Republic in the national (ethnonational) education policy of the borderland frontier on the profound lessons of bourgeois modern ethnic education being the contribution of the Republic;the formulation of the future national education policy and also draw the Republic in the national (ethnonational) education policy of the borderland frontier on the profound lessons of bourgeois . on behalf of the government of the Republic of China for the sake of dominant needs themselves, the tendency of the governance of nationality, equality, autonomy, Industry, etc., as the main content of national policy, the objective as a whole, the development and historical progress, and the like;But its class essence decides that its national policy of deception, hypocrisy and utopianism
Fundamentally speaking, the government of the Republic of China's ethnic policy does not really solve Chinese national problems, eventually along with the government of the Republic of China with failing Fundamentally speaking, the government of the Republic of China's ethnic policy does not really solve Chinese national problems, eventually along with the government of the Republic of China with failing .
Religious
the main headword:: Ancestor Worship, Taoism, and Buddhism in China is a multi - religious country the main headword:: Ancestor Worship, Taoism, and Buddhism in China is a multi - religious country . China The main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity, Chinese citizens may freely choose and express their religious beliefs and to express their religious identity China The main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity, Chinese citizens may freely choose and express their religious beliefs and to express their religious identity .
China, meanwhile, is the world religion with the objective of developing countries, especially in Buddhism, Christianity, Protestantism and Taoism believer in China's most abundant China, meanwhile, is the world religion with the objective of developing countries, especially in Buddhism, Christianity, Protestantism and Taoism believer in China's most abundant . Chinese religious culture, "Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Daoism, said;As an ordinary Chinese, ancestor worship, on the basis of which, however, to which all Confucians, Buddhists, Chinese folk belief is called Chinese religious culture, "Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Daoism, said;As an ordinary Chinese, ancestor worship, on the basis of which, however, to which all Confucians, Buddhists, Chinese folk belief is called .
now mainly Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity etc.
Science And Technology
After 1911, droves continue coming home, most of them youthful, young, enthusiastic development of science in the motherland After 1911, droves continue coming home, most of them youthful, young, enthusiastic development of science in the motherland . They trumpeted scientific of great power, which spread from western scientific knowledge They trumpeted scientific of great power, which spread from western scientific knowledge .
face the chaotic politics, had called out "scientific guidance and" saving the Nation with Industry "slogan, and, in the foundation of the Republic of China. The Chinese young intellectuals and students to create a new 1912, geologist Zhang Hongzhao begins with a call for the establishment of the geological survey;In the same year became an organized center to proceed with the Observatory;In 1928, the famous educator Cai Yuanpei with the efforts of the founding of the Academia Sinica were subsequently Beiping Research Institute and the institutes have been set up, in addition to several private institutions of research have also successively established 1912, geologist Zhang Hongzhao begins with a call for the establishment of the geological survey;In the same year became an organized center to proceed with the Observatory;In 1928, the famous educator Cai Yuanpei with the efforts of the founding of the Academia Sinica were subsequently Beiping Research Institute and the institutes have been set up, in addition to several private institutions of research have also successively established .
institute of china s science and technology history. It is of epoch - making event, it showed that China had a contingent of sci - tech, they are the establishment and development of Chinese modern science in the renaissance of the Chinese Sci - tech is the guarantee from 1912 to 1937, but 25 years, a variety of learn organization reached 110 does not include the portion of the plurality of (medical),relates to the field of modern science and the vast from 1912 to 1937, but 25 years, a variety of learn organization reached 110 does not include the portion of the plurality of (medical),relates to the field of modern science and the vast .
certain disciplines such as geology, meteorology, physics and other fields in the individual had obtained a moment from the international advanced level of the outcome of the certain disciplines such as geology, meteorology, physics and other fields in the individual had obtained a moment from the international advanced level of the outcome of the . to the engineer, copy - ton ship, which is more advanced in aircraft, automobiles, various machine tool to the engineer, copy - ton ship, which is more advanced in aircraft, automobiles, various machine tool .
Chinese engineers have mastered the use of reinforced concrete construction technology of high - rise buildings, which is drawn up at international level in the Qiantang River Bridge Chinese engineers have mastered the use of reinforced concrete construction technology of high - rise buildings, which is drawn up at international level in the Qiantang River Bridge . China's modern science and technology in this period was the establishment and development,Distillations of gaps in science and technology behind the west in this period undoubtedly China's modern science and technology in this period was the establishment and development,Distillations of gaps in science and technology behind the west in this period undoubtedly .
in Chinese History of Science and Technology has a special meaning of in Chinese History of Science and Technology has a special meaning of . in the 1920s, the institutes of Academia Sinica in 20 years has got noteworthy achievement in the 1920s, the institutes of Academia Sinica in 20 years has got noteworthy achievement .
from 1928 to 1929, history and language which was excavated by the Anyang Yinxu xiaotun village, are to be found in the Yin Oracle Inscriptions on bronze wares and the ancient china history being pushed up by thousands of years, become Chinese and world archaeology on the big thing,It marks the maturity of modern Chinese scientific archaeology from 1928 to 1929, history and language which was excavated by the Anyang Yinxu xiaotun village, are to be found in the Yin Oracle Inscriptions on bronze wares and the ancient china history being pushed up by thousands of years, become Chinese and world archaeology on the big thing,It marks the maturity of modern Chinese scientific archaeology . geology where the early - 1930s in Lushan and find China Quaternary Glacial Vestige geology where the early - 1930s in Lushan and find China Quaternary Glacial Vestige .
of the Institute of Physics was carried out in an electrical, magnetic, optical, and later pioneered the use of nuclear physics, metallurgy, crystallography and the study of chemistry by shortwave of the Institute of Physics was carried out in an electrical, magnetic, optical, and later pioneered the use of nuclear physics, metallurgy, crystallography and the study of chemistry by shortwave . focuses on molecular spectroscopy, sex hormones, and other Chinese medicinal materials of chemical composition, chemical properties of the glass and Pingyang Alunite Mine and the utilization of the research institute of mathematics and focuses on molecular spectroscopy, sex hormones, and other Chinese medicinal materials of chemical composition, chemical properties of the glass and Pingyang Alunite Mine and the utilization of the research institute of mathematics and .
On the research of modern mathematics theory, number theory, algebra, differential geometry, topology, number theory, mathematical statistics, the six parts of On the research of modern mathematics theory, number theory, algebra, differential geometry, topology, number theory, mathematical statistics, the six parts of . astronomical research institute for the establishment of the Purple Mountain Observatory,compilation of the national calendar of Shoushi, Nanjing Normal University and published this study and their locations and the morphological observation, such as variable stars, comets, sunspots and eclipses of the climate and the observation of the meteorological observation and astronomical research institute for the establishment of the Purple Mountain Observatory,compilation of the national calendar of Shoushi, Nanjing Normal University and published this study and their locations and the morphological observation, such as variable stars, comets, sunspots and eclipses of the climate and the observation of the meteorological observation and .
Institute study the metabolic rule of climate, rainfall and typhoon China temperature variation curves inferred by ZHU Ke - zhen on the research of phycology about meteorology work has attracted international attention from the Institute study the metabolic rule of climate, rainfall and typhoon China temperature variation curves inferred by ZHU Ke - zhen on the research of phycology about meteorology work has attracted international attention from the . for the animal in animal taxology, later focusing on fish biology, entomology and parasitology, and protozoology and experimental study of zoology, physical and chemical properties of the Shandong Marine Algae and plankton is also investigated for the animal in animal taxology, later focusing on fish biology, entomology and parasitology, and protozoology and experimental study of zoology, physical and chemical properties of the Shandong Marine Algae and plankton is also investigated .
performed plant taxonomy, phycology,mycology, forestry, plant physiology, plant morphology, plant pathology and genetics of performed plant taxonomy, phycology,mycology, forestry, plant physiology, plant morphology, plant pathology and genetics of . cells cells.
