構成
過去分詞與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同。四點變化規則：
(1)、一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”。（然而要注意的是，過去分詞並不是過去式）
work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以發音的“e”結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“d”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞，將"y"變為"i"，再加“ed”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.
(4)、重讀閉音節結尾，末尾只有一個輔音
字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”。
stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped】
(5)、以ic結尾的動詞，要把ic變成ick再加ed，如picnic→picnicked，traffic→trafficked
2、不規則動詞，見不規則表
一、過去分詞作表語
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環山.【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態的區別:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀態,而被動語態則表示動作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動語態,表示動作)
(2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關門了.(過去分詞作表語)
【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成, -ing 形式表示主動或進行.有些動詞如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用 -ing 形式來修飾物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣.
二、過去分詞作定語
作定語用的過去分詞相當於形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成.1、過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的,常置於其所修飾的名詞之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應改變了的情況.
2、過去分詞短語用作定語時,一般置於其所修飾的名詞之後,其意義相當於一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用於書面語中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功.
3、過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前後常有逗號.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人.
4、用來修飾人的過去分詞有時可以轉移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視.
三、過去分詞作狀語
1、過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作.(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經被寫. 值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源於系表結構,作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (駐紮); lost / absorbed in (沉溺於); born (出身於); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因為沉溺於思考之中,所以他沒聽到那個聲音.
2、過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時應注意人稱一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再給我一個小時,我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I ,即 I 被再給一個小時.)
(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.(seen 為過去分詞作狀語,表"被看",由語境可知,它的邏輯主語必須是城市,而不是"我們",因為"我們"應主動看城市.)
【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時,前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結構實際上屬於獨立主格結構.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信號一發出,汽車就開動了.(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語.)
3、過去分詞作狀語來源於狀語從句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了. (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源於原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些種子能長得很快.( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源於條件狀語從句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞,構成"連詞+過去分詞"結構作狀語.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 當你做體格檢查時要保持鎮定.
4、過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,後面有逗號與主句隔開;也可放在主句後面,前面有逗號與主句隔開.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那裡,被感動得熱淚盈眶.
四、過去分詞作賓語補足語
(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下三類:1、表示感覺或心理狀態的動詞.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先於謂語動作heard;)
(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發現他的家鄉變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先於謂語動作found)
2、表示"致使"意義的動詞.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1)I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理髮.
(2)He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3)Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關係.
(二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補有兩種情況.
1、過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了)
2、過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經歷.如:He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了. (自己的經歷)
五、"with +賓語+過去分詞"結構
此結構中,過去分詞用作介詞 with的賓語補足語.這一結構通常在句中作時間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.(1)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背後.(表方式)
(2)With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件)
(3)With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因)
(4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注視著他.
(5)He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒.
過去分詞的結構
1、過去分詞獨立結構過去分詞有時可有其獨立主語，二者構成一種獨立分詞結構。過去分詞獨立結構多用於書面語中，常用作狀語，用來表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。如：
He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.
他滿臉是汗跑進屋來。(表伴隨)
This done，we went home.
做完此事，我們就回家了。（表時間）
All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.
積蓄全部用完了，這對夫妻就開始找工作。（表原因）
That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.
那個問題講完了，演講人繼續講下一個問題。（表時間）
2、with/without+賓語+過去分詞表示伴隨情況的獨立結構
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考慮到了，我們都認為這是一項不錯的計畫。
With different methods used，different results are obtained.
採用不同的方法，得到不同的結果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一個字也沒說，就生氣地走了。
3、過去分詞（短語）作賓語補足語
(1) 過去分詞（短語）在感官動詞和使役動詞等之後作賓語補足語，這些詞語有： have 讓，使 keep 使處於某狀態 get 使得
see 看見 hear 聽見 find 發現
feel 感覺到 leave 使處於某狀態 make 使
want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意
observe 觀察 watch 注視 set 使處於某狀態
如：
The work left him exhausted.
這個活使得他筋疲力盡。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看門人聽見門上的鏈和拴被拉開了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修過了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不說的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他聯繫在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
當事人希望此事立刻得到解決。
(2)過去分詞（短語）在使役動詞get或have之後作賓語補足語，表示的動作往往是由別人完成的。如：
I had my car repaired
我把我的車修好了。（別人修的）
I had my hair cut
我理髮了。（別人給我理的）
We must get the television set repaired
我們必須把電視機修好。（被別人修）
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗戶給打破了。（被他人打破）
不規則變化
AAA型
即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。（共10個）cost—cost—costcut—cut—cuthit—hit—hithurt—hurt—hurtlet—let—letput—put—putread—read—read(read的原形和過去式、過去分詞讀音不同)set-set-setshut-shut-shut
ABB型
過去式、過去分詞相同。（共41個）1、過去式和過去分詞都含有-ought。（4個）
bring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtthink—thought—thoughtfight-fought-fought
2、詞尾有-ild，-end時，只需把d變為t。（4個）
build—built—builtlend—lent—lentsend—sent—sentspend—spent—spent
3、過去式、過去分詞都含有-aught。（2個）
catch—caught—caughtteach—taught—taught
4、把-eep、-eel變為-ept、-elt。（4個）
keep—kept—keptsleep—slept—sleptsweep—swept—sweptfeel—felt—felt
5、把-ell變為-old。（2個）
tell—told—toldsell—sold—sold
6、把-ell、-ill變為-elt或-ilt。（3個）
smell—smelt—smeltspell—spelt—speltspill—spilt—spilt
7、把-eed、-ead、-eet變為-ed或-et。（4個）
feed-fed-fedlead-led-ledspeed-sped-spedmeet-met-met
8、過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。（5個）
learn—learnt—learntmean—meant—meantspoil—spoilt—spoiltburn—burnt—burntdream—dreamt—dreamt
9、過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id（4個）
say—said—saidpay—paid—paidlay—laid—laidhear—heard—heard
10、改變元音字母。（12個）
meet—met—metfeed-fed-fedget—got—gotsit—sat—satfind—found—foundhold—held—heldspit—spat—spatshine—shone—shonewin—won—wonhang—hung—hungdig—dug—duglose—lost—lost
11、改變輔音字母。（4個）
make—made—madebuild-built-builtsend-sent-sentspend-spent-spent
12、改變元、輔音字母。（4個）
leave—left—leftstand—stood—stoodhave（has）—had—hadunderstand—understood—understood
ABC型
原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。（共37個）1、i—a—u變化。（7個）
begin—began—begundrink—drank—drunksing—sang—sungring—rang—rungswim—swam—swumsink—sank—sunkspring-sprang-sprung
2、詞尾為-ow，-aw時，過去式將其變為-ew，過去分詞在其原形後加n。（5個）
blow—blew—blowndraw—drew—drawngrow—grew—grownknow—knew—knownthrow—threw—thrown（show除外）
3、詞尾為“i+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將i變為o，過去分詞多在原形後加n，若那個輔音字母為d或t，須雙寫d或t後加n。（4個）（give，hide除外）
drive—drove—drivenwrite—wrote—writtenride—rode—riddenrise—rose—risen
4、過去分詞在過去式後加n。（1個）
wake—woke—woken
5、過去分詞由過去式加-ten構成。（2個）
get-got-gotten/gotforget—forgot—forgotten
6、過去分詞由原形加（e）n構成。（6個）
be—was（were）—beeneat—ate—eatenfall—fell—fallengive—gave—givensee—saw—seenhide—hid—hidden（hid）
7、詞尾為-ake時，過去式將其變為-ook，過去分詞在原形詞後加-n。（2個）
tae—took—takenmistake—mistook—mistaken
8、原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。（6個）
do—did—donefly—flew—flowngo—went—gonelie—lay—lainshow—showed—shownwear—wore—worn
9、詞尾為-eak時，過去式將其變為-oke，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
break—broke—brokenspeak—spoke—spoken
10、詞中間為“oo+輔（1個）+e”或“ee+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將oo、ee變為o，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
choose—chose—chosenfreeze—froze—frozen
AAB型
過去式和原形相同。（1個）beat—beat—beaten
ABA型
過去分詞和原形相同。（3個）1、詞中間為“o+輔（1個）+e”時，過去式將o變為a。（2個）
come—came—comebecome—became—become
2、u—a—u變化。（1個）
run—ran—run
情態動詞型
(除must)只有原形和過去式，沒有過去分詞。（4個）
can—couldmay—mightwill—wouldshall—shouldmust既沒有過去式也沒有過去分詞
常用過去分詞
begin（開始）beganbegundrink（喝）drankdrunk
ring（鈴響）rangrung
sing（唱）sangsung
swim（游泳）swamswum
blow（吹）blewblown
draw（畫）drewdrawn
fly（飛）flewflown
grow（生長）grewgrown
know（知道）knewknown
throw（投擲）threwthrown
show（出示）showedshown
break（打破）brokebroken
choose（選擇）chosechosen
forget（忘記）forgotforgotten(forgot)
speak（說，講）spokespoken
wake（醒）wokewoken
drive（駕駛）drovedriven
eat（吃）ateeaten
fall（落下）fellfallen
give（給）gavegiven
rise（升高）roserisen
take（取）tooktaken
ride（騎）roderidden
write（寫）wrotewritten
do（做）diddone
go（去）wentgone
lie（平躺）laylain
see（看見）sawseen
wear（穿）woreworn
不規則的動詞
cost（花費）costcost
cut（割）cutcut
hit（打）hithit
hurt（傷害）hurthurt
let（讓）letlet
put（放）putput
read（讀）readread
其他特殊情況
動詞原形過去式過去分詞[2]arisearosearisen
awakeawoke/awakedawoken
bewas/werebeen
bearboreborne(攜帶)/born(出生)
beatbeatbeaten
becomebecamebecome
beginbeganbegun
befallbefellbefallen
bendbentbent
betbetbet
bindboundbound
bitebitbitten/bit
bleedbledbled
blendblendedblent
blessblessedblest
blowblewblown
breakbrokebroken
breedbredbred
bringbroughtbrought
broadcastbroadcast/broadcastedbroadcast/broadcasted
buildbuiltbuilt
burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned
burstburstburst
buyboughtbought
castcastcast
catchcaughtcaught
choosechosechosen
cleaveclove/cleftcloven/cleft
clingclungclung
clotheclothed/cladclothed/clad
comecamecome
costcostcost
creepcreptcrept
crowcrowed/crewcrowed
cutcutcut
daredared/durstdared
dealdealtdealt
digdugdug
dodiddone
drawdrewdrawn
dreamdreamt/dreameddreamt/dreamed
drinkdrankdrunk
drivedrovedriven
dwelldweltdwelt
eatateeaten
fallfellfallen
feedfedfed
feelfeltfelt
fightfoughtfought
findfoundfound
fleefledfled
flingflungflung
flyflewflown
forbidforbade/forbadforbidden
forecastforecast/forecastedforecast/forecasted
forgetforgotforgotten
forgiveforgaveforgiven
freezefrozefrozen
gainsaygainsaidgainsaid
getgotgotten
gildgilded/giltgilded
girdgirded/girtgirded/girt
givegavegiven
gowentgone
gravegravedgraven/graved
grindgroundground
growgrewgrown
hanghung/hangedhung/hanged
havehadhad
hearheardheard
heaveheaved/hovehesved/hove
hidehidhidden
hithithit
holdheldheld
hurthurthurt
keepkeptkept
kneelkneltknelt
knowknewknown
ladeladedladen
laylaidlaid
leadledled
leanleant/leanedleant/leaned
leapleapt/leapedleapt/leaped
learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned
leaveleftleft
lendlentlent
letletlet
lie(躺)laylain
lie(撒謊)liedlied
lightlit/lightedlit/lighted
loselostlost
makemademade
meanmeantmeant
meetmetmet
meltmeltedmeited/molten
mistakemistookmistaken
misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood
outgrowoutgrewoutgrown
overcomeovercameovercome
overseeoversawoverseen
paypaidpaid
proveprovedproved/proven
putputput
quitquitted/quitquitted/quit
readreadread
rendrentrent
rideroderidden
ringrangrung
riseroserisen
riverivedriven/rived
runranrun
sawsawedsawn/sawed
saysaidsaid
seesawseen
seeksoughtsought
sellsoldsold
sendsentsent
setsetset
sewsewedsewn/sewed
shakeshookshaken
shaveshavedshaved/shaven
shearshearedsheared/shorn
shedshedshed
shineshoneshone
shoeshodshod
shootshotshot
showshowedshown/showed
shrinkshrank/shrunkshrunk/shrunken
shriveshrove/shrivedshriven/shrived
shutshutshut
singsangsung
sinksank/sunksunk/sunken
sitsatsat
slayslewslain
sleepsleptslept
slideslidslid
slingslungslung
slinkslunkslunk
slitslitslit
smellsmelt/smelledsmelt/smelled
smitesmotesmitten
sowsowedsown/sowed
speakspokespoken
speedsped/speededsped/speeded
spellspelt/spelledspelt/spelled
spendspentspent
spillspilt/spilledspilt/spilled
spinspun/spanspun
spitspat/spitspat/spit
spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiled
spreadspreadspread
springsprang/sprungsprung
standstoodstood
stavestaved/stovestaved/stove
stealstolestolen
stickstuckstuck
stingstungstung
swearsworesworn
sweepsweptswept
swellswelledswollen/swelled
swimswamswum
swingswungswung
taketooktaken
teachtaughttaught
teartoretorn
telltoldtold
thinkthoughtthought
throwthrewthrown
thrustthrustthrust
treadtrodtrodden/trod
upsetupsetupset
wakewoke/wakedwoken/waked
wearworeworn
weavewovewoven
weepweptwept
winwonwon
windwoundwound
workworked/wroughtworked/wrought
wringwrungwrung
writewrotewritten
