Country Profile
Central European countries called the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Central European countries called the German Democratic Republic (GDR) . .
north Baltic Sea, Lu neighbor Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany north Baltic Sea, Lu neighbor Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany . area is 83 square kilometer and the population area is 83 square kilometer and the population .
. 16.7 million (1984) The country is divided into 14 districts in the capital Berlin
. to the east by the Democratic People's Republic of Poland, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the southeast, west and south - western border with the Federal Republic of Germany, on the north by the Baltic to the east by the Democratic People's Republic of Poland, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to the southeast, west and south - western border with the Federal Republic of Germany, on the north by the Baltic .
has an area of approximately 10. 8333 km2, Berlin (East Berlin) as its capital,The official currency is the democratic DM on 8 May 1945, Germany's surrender in DM on 8 May 1945, Germany's surrender in .
after the war, according to the Yalta Conference and Potsdam, Germany respectively by the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union occupation, and by the Allied Control Commission consisting of the takeover of Germany's highest power after the war, according to the Yalta Conference and Potsdam, Germany respectively by the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union occupation, and by the Allied Control Commission consisting of the takeover of Germany's highest power . Berlin is also divided into four Berlin is also divided into four .
in June 1948, the USA, UK and France occupied in June 1948, the USA, UK and France occupied . merged on 23 May 1949, after the merger of the occupied western zones of the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany the same year merged on 23 May 1949, after the merger of the occupied western zones of the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany the same year .
Oct. 7,East of a zone as well as the establishment of the GDR Germany never formally split into two sovereign and independent country Germany never formally split into two sovereign and independent country .
in November 1956, the German Democratic Republic formally founded the Volkskammer and in 1950 the government in November 1956, the German Democratic Republic formally founded the Volkskammer and in 1950 the government . joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in 1955 to join the warsaw pact joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in 1955 to join the warsaw pact .
18 May 1990, the GDR and the FRG signed in Bonn on establishing monetary, economic and social alliance treaty " 18 May 1990, the GDR and the FRG signed in Bonn on establishing monetary, economic and social alliance treaty ". 8 - 31, and the parties in Berlin signed the" Treaty " 8 - 31, and the parties in Berlin signed the" Treaty ".
3 October the GDR joined the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic (GDR) 3 October the GDR joined the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic (GDR) . of the Constitution, the people of the House,Government cancelled automatically split 40 years of German reunification of the Constitution, the people of the House,Government cancelled automatically split 40 years of German reunification .
Development Information
The name of the country: Berlin, the capital of the GDR (East Berlin), and a population of 180 million (1989), the annual average temperature is 8.6 C official German Constitutional Socialist countries official German Constitutional Socialist countries.
Presidents Of The
Chairman of the Council of State from 1949 to 1960 William Peake (1960 - 1973 Walter Ulbricht in 1973 - 1976, 1976 in Seibersdorf 1989 Erich Honecker in 1989 Egon Krenz, from 1989 to 1990 Manfred Gerlach Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1949 to 1964 Otto Grotte was 1964, Reinsdorf 1973 1973 1976 Horst Hindman 1976 - 1989 of West Berlin, Bairstow 1989 1990 1990 Hans Modrow Lothar de Maiziere legislatureThe House of PeoplesChairman of the Council of State from 1949 to 1960 William Peake (1960 - 1973 Walter Ulbricht in 1973 - 1976, 1976 in Seibersdorf 1989 Erich Honecker in 1989 Egon Krenz, from 1989 to 1990 Manfred Gerlach Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1949 to 1964 Otto Grotte was 1964, Reinsdorf 1973 1973 1976 Horst Hindman 1976 - 1989 of West Berlin, Bairstow 1989 1990 1990 Hans Modrow Lothar de Maiziere legislatureThe House of Peoples.
Historical Period
Cold War establishment on 7 October 1949 construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 the final treaty settlement on 25 September 1990 German reunification on 3 October 1990 the area 107 in 1950, 862 km2 (41, 646 sq mi) of the 1971 108, 178 square kilometers (41, 768 sq mi) in 1989 and 108 333 sq km (41 sq mi) 828 density 170.5 per sq km (441. 5 / sq - mi) in 1971 to an estimated 17, 068, 318 density of 157.8 / km2 (408. 6 / sq mi) 1989 estimated 16, 629, 750 density of 153.5 / km2 (397. 6 / sq mi) East German Mark internationalised currency abbreviations: dd international telephone area code: + 37
Cultural Belief
flag was a rectangular shape, length and width ratio of 5: 3 flag was a rectangular shape, length and width ratio of 5: 3 . NSC is black, red, yellow, three parallel rectangular cross - connected equal made NSC is black, red, yellow, three parallel rectangular cross - connected equal made .
middle face of the flag of the National Emblem or the National Emblem of the middle face of the flag of the National Emblem or the National Emblem of the . .
intermediate circular pattern as the hammer and compasses, outside to find a wheatear which is surrounded by a circle under the flag of the People's Republic of China by the three - color ribbons around intermediate circular pattern as the hammer and compasses, outside to find a wheatear which is surrounded by a circle under the flag of the People's Republic of China by the three - color ribbons around . hammer symbolizes the working class, the compass symbolizes the intellectuals, to find a wheatear which is the symbol of farmers hammer symbolizes the working class, the compass symbolizes the intellectuals, to find a wheatear which is the symbol of farmers .
Day (7 October 1949 the anthem was" in ruins" (aus), Johannes Bechers' lyricist, composer Hans Eisler Day (7 October 1949 the anthem was" in ruins" (aus), Johannes Bechers' lyricist, composer Hans Eisler . 1 1.
Administrative Divisions
The country is divided into 1 city (Berlin) and 14 prefectures (Rostock, Neubrandenburg and Schwerin, Frankfurt, Potsdam, Magdeburg, Energie Cottbus, Halle, Dresden, Leipzig, Erfurt, Karl - Marx - Stadt, Gela, Sur) The country is divided into 1 city (Berlin) and 14 prefectures (Rostock, Neubrandenburg and Schwerin, Frankfurt, Potsdam, Magdeburg, Energie Cottbus, Halle, Dresden, Leipzig, Erfurt, Karl - Marx - Stadt, Gela, Sur) .
Physical Geography
Terrain
National Low - lying north south high, from north to south and can be divided into northern and southern plains, mountainous area on the northern plains of Central Europe National Low - lying north south high, from north to south and can be divided into northern and southern plains, mountainous area on the northern plains of Central Europe . is part of the plains, extending south from the Baltic Sea more than 300 kilometers, the land area of about 3 / 4 with an average elevation of 50 meters is part of the plains, extending south from the Baltic Sea more than 300 kilometers, the land area of about 3 / 4 with an average elevation of 50 meters .
Baltic coast is exposed in the narrow lowland Baltic coast is exposed in the narrow lowland . off the coasts of many sand dunes, islands, between the shallow bay, the important port situated in the west - coast of the island of Ruegen off the coasts of many sand dunes, islands, between the shallow bay, the important port situated in the west - coast of the island of Ruegen .
Max, Max, . 926 km2 area of coastal zone south of the majority of the till plain, the northern part of the new area of the moraine, the southern part of the old moraine zone to the north of the new 926 km2 area of coastal zone south of the majority of the till plain, the northern part of the new area of the moraine, the southern part of the old moraine zone to the north of the new .
moraine zone portion,In between the hills of the moraine is covered in lakes, to the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau are typical.south part is the ancient river valleys and ancient meltwater stream divider is a dispersion of plain till plain, at the southern tip of the old moraine region, the ground is flat, there are a lot of the marshes in the lowland plains and plain till plain, at the southern tip of the old moraine region, the ground is flat, there are a lot of the marshes in the lowland plains and .
moraine between the Southern Sector, the distribution of the loess belt with its thickness of 2 to 10 meters, from Saxony to Magdeburg and Thuringia Mainland Bird area which extends south up to 400 - 500 meters moraine between the Southern Sector, the distribution of the loess belt with its thickness of 2 to 10 meters, from Saxony to Magdeburg and Thuringia Mainland Bird area which extends south up to 400 - 500 meters . loess belt is the most important agricultural district in the southern highlands and mountains belong to loess belt is the most important agricultural district in the southern highlands and mountains belong to .
Hercynian fold belt | mountain ranges, valleys and basins staggered distribution Hercynian fold belt | mountain ranges, valleys and basins staggered distribution . of the Harz, the Thuringian Forest, Ore Mountains and other mountain and at medium altitudes by Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline rocks, composed of metamorphic rocks,The long - term erosion, and presents fault horst block mountain, general altitude of 1000 meters below where of the Harz, the Thuringian Forest, Ore Mountains and other mountain and at medium altitudes by Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline rocks, composed of metamorphic rocks,The long - term erosion, and presents fault horst block mountain, general altitude of 1000 meters below where .
is high in the erzgebirge (ore mountains extend southeast of the border, southwest to northeast, is mainly composed of crystalline rocks, sandstone, conglomerate, Fichtel Mountains, at an elevation of 1214 meters above sea level, is located southwest of the Harz National peak is high in the erzgebirge (ore mountains extend southeast of the border, southwest to northeast, is mainly composed of crystalline rocks, sandstone, conglomerate, Fichtel Mountains, at an elevation of 1214 meters above sea level, is located southwest of the Harz National peak ., is a northwest - southeast fault, undulating plateau mountains with an average elevation of 500 ~ 600 meters, the individual projections of the granite hills, located across the country's second - highest peak of the Brocken, at an altitude of 1142 metres , is a northwest - southeast fault, undulating plateau mountains with an average elevation of 500 ~ 600 meters, the individual projections of the granite hills, located across the country's second - highest peak of the Brocken, at an altitude of 1142 metres .
Thuringian Forest Hill in the southwest border, northwest - southeast fault, that it is primarily gneiss and granite constitute the horst mountain,common altitude of 400 - 500 meters Thuringian Forest Hill in the southwest border, northwest - southeast fault, that it is primarily gneiss and granite constitute the horst mountain,common altitude of 400 - 500 meters .
Mineral Deposits
mineral resources does not abound, but many kinds of lignite are important mineral resources does not abound, but many kinds of lignite are important ., sylvite, halite, gypsum, kaolin and the like, as well as the reserves of oil, natural gas, coking coal, iron and high - quality fuel resources such as , sylvite, halite, gypsum, kaolin and the like, as well as the reserves of oil, natural gas, coking coal, iron and high - quality fuel resources such as .
and and . metallurgical raw material is limited in terms of the national mineral resources cannot satisfy the needs of the metallurgical raw material is limited in terms of the national mineral resources cannot satisfy the needs of the .
lignite is the most abundant mineral deposits, with estimated reserves of 200 million tons, which ranks among the highest in the world lignite is the most abundant mineral deposits, with estimated reserves of 200 million tons, which ranks among the highest in the world . thick coal bed, shallow bury and easy open mining thick coal bed, shallow bury and easy open mining .
most important in Germany and Lao Qi's distribution in central and southeast of the former is located on the left bank of the Elbe most important in Germany and Lao Qi's distribution in central and southeast of the former is located on the left bank of the Elbe . Ha minefields and Leipzig in the territory of the country's total reserves of 2 / 5;the latter deep coal seams, poor heating value Ha minefields and Leipzig in the territory of the country's total reserves of 2 / 5;the latter deep coal seams, poor heating value .
sylvite reserves have been rich, about 130 billion tons, the most important areas in the southwest end of the Willamette River, south of Magdeburg and north of the Harz and the Thuringian basin sylvite reserves have been rich, about 130 billion tons, the most important areas in the southwest end of the Willamette River, south of Magdeburg and north of the Harz and the Thuringian basin . plain copper and natural gas, copper distribution in the west of the district of Halle, bury the depth of 700 to 800 meters plain copper and natural gas, copper distribution in the west of the district of Halle, bury the depth of 700 to 800 meters .
copper together with the distribution of vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt etc. 1000 cubic meters of natural gas reserves, and is mainly in the Thuringian Basin and Magdeburg in the northern area of southern 1000 cubic meters of natural gas reserves, and is mainly in the Thuringian Basin and Magdeburg in the northern area of southern .
medium height mountain, plateau and its piedmont have been summarized distribution of magmatic deposits, such as eastern Erzgebirge mountains of tin ore,Glauchau nickel ore of uranium and Gela near medium height mountain, plateau and its piedmont have been summarized distribution of magmatic deposits, such as eastern Erzgebirge mountains of tin ore,Glauchau nickel ore of uranium and Gela near . other minerals such as petroleum, iron, coal, etc., to its rare reserves, the distribution of the scattered
Climate
Mild humid oceanic to transitional continental type Mild humid oceanic to transitional continental type . plain and mountain.plain areas, coastal and inland between the coastal plain with the lowest of 0. degree. C., July 16 - 17 DEG C, 190 - 200 frost - free days;inland plain is in the range of - 0.5 to -2. degree. C., 18 ~ 19. degree. C. and 170 ~ 180 days;Mountain is in the range of 3 - to C - 5, 13 - 15. degree. C. and 130 ~ 140 days;Annual precipitation is dependent upon the activities over the northwest, west, north - west to the east, southeast, and the coastal plains 620 mm, 580 mm inland plains;mountains higher, up to 900 to 1100 mm, the windward slope of more, such as the Brocken in the Harz district up to 1485 millimeters;In the rain shadow area is relatively small, as in the Harz and the Thuringian basin Magdeburg Bird area is 720 mm;and the mountains of the Great Plains and adjacent areas, annual rainfall of 500 to 650 mm;the Harz and the Thuringian Forest Hill most of the rain falls in winter, while in the Erzgebirge mountains and plains are concentrated in the summer to drop
nationwide is generally temperate winters, warm summers and long growing period (180 ~ 200 days), the accumulated temperature is relatively high (more than 3000 deg.C), in favor of extensive temperate crop sowing
Draina
There are more developed river There are more developed river . of the largest and most important river is the Elbe, the source out of Czechoslovakia, the full - length 1165 km, the territory of the flow of 566 km, from southeast to northwest, which is full of the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Sea via the River of the largest and most important river is the Elbe, the source out of Czechoslovakia, the full - length 1165 km, the territory of the flow of 566 km, from southeast to northwest, which is full of the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Sea via the River .
(segment) within the territory of the Saale river and its tributaries, the Havel river, the River SpreeMulde etc. of the territory of the river basin area accounts for about 2 / 3 Oder Neisse River and its tributaries is from south to north through the eastern border of the posterior in Szczecin, Poland near the Baltic Sea, the valley area within the land area of 1 / 5 Oder Neisse River and its tributaries is from south to north through the eastern border of the posterior in Szczecin, Poland near the Baltic Sea, the valley area within the land area of 1 / 5 .
southwest was not of the Weser River and the River Main upstream of most of the rivers tributaries flowing through southwest was not of the Weser River and the River Main upstream of most of the rivers tributaries flowing through . depending on rain - fed, in part by the snow, the maximum flow in spring, the winter season is not long depending on rain - fed, in part by the snow, the maximum flow in spring, the winter season is not long .
Elbe and Oder flooding period are the two largest water artery, flows through the valley of many broad, slow - flowing water flow can be navigable within the territory of the People's Republic of China;Saale is a tributary of the Elbe, Havel and Spree River downstream are navigable via Elbe and Oder flooding period are the two largest water artery, flows through the valley of many broad, slow - flowing water flow can be navigable within the territory of the People's Republic of China;Saale is a tributary of the Elbe, Havel and Spree River downstream are navigable via . Oder - Spree Canal (84 km), Oder - Havel Canal (83 km), the Elbe - Havel Canal (56 km) and the like, to communicate to the Elbe, Oder, Weser and Rhine, consisting of maritime transport network so as to pass through the Federal Republic of Germany, the Baltic and North Sea Oder - Spree Canal (84 km), Oder - Havel Canal (83 km), the Elbe - Havel Canal (56 km) and the like, to communicate to the Elbe, Oder, Weser and Rhine, consisting of maritime transport network so as to pass through the Federal Republic of Germany, the Baltic and North Sea .
most lakes are glacial lakes, mostly located in the North German lowlands, to the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau has the most concentrated, wherein Müritz (116.8 km2) is the largest, Lake Schwerin,Plauer See, etc the Southern Sector and its piedmont have many rivers, there are floods in the spring, has already be large dams and reservoirs (40), the accumulated flood, Reservoir is the largest of the Saale upstream of Bly, a reservoir (Loch 21500 m3) the Southern Sector and its piedmont have many rivers, there are floods in the spring, has already be large dams and reservoirs (40), the accumulated flood, Reservoir is the largest of the Saale upstream of Bly, a reservoir (Loch 21500 m3) .
above zone of many on the river has no big hydro - electric dams and hydraulic energy storage power station in southeast Berlin above zone of many on the river has no big hydro - electric dams and hydraulic energy storage power station in southeast Berlin ., on the left bank of Oder river areas have many marshlands, most of which can be drained into the Fertile , on the left bank of Oder river areas have many marshlands, most of which can be drained into the Fertile .
Soil And Vegetation
dominant soil is soddy podzolic soil, most of it is sand loam and sandy soil, the land area of 1 / 3 or more, and is mainly distributed in the northern plains of central and southern part of the development in the moraine and outwash on fertility is not high, the majority of the sand is covered by forests, dominant soil is soddy podzolic soil, most of it is sand loam and sandy soil, the land area of 1 / 3 or more, and is mainly distributed in the northern plains of central and southern part of the development in the moraine and outwash on fertility is not high, the majority of the sand is covered by forests, . brown forest soil is mostly loam, or of 1 / 4 brown forest soil is mostly loam, or of 1 / 4 .
wherein the weakly acidic and more fertile brown forest soil distribution in Mecklenburg and eastern moraine zone loess plains, and the Harz, the Thuringian Forest Hill,Erzgebirge mountains in the west piedmont wherein the weakly acidic and more fertile brown forest soil distribution in Mecklenburg and eastern moraine zone loess plains, and the Harz, the Thuringian Forest Hill,Erzgebirge mountains in the west piedmont . Erzgebirge mountains of Sark in the calcium - depleted region of the parent rock (gneiss and granite) on the development of the soil is acidic, with lower fertility Erzgebirge mountains of Sark in the calcium - depleted region of the parent rock (gneiss and granite) on the development of the soil is acidic, with lower fertility .
brown forest soil area in farmland and much has been made part of brown forest soil area in farmland and much has been made part of . loess - like loam on the most fertile chernozem - like soil and black soil, the area is not broad, which covers an area of 7 ~ 8%, mainly distributed in Magdeburg Bird, the Thuringian Basin, north of Leipzig, almost all of the reclamation and cultivation of wheat, barley, beet, loess - like loam on the most fertile chernozem - like soil and black soil, the area is not broad, which covers an area of 7 ~ 8%, mainly distributed in Magdeburg Bird, the Thuringian Basin, north of Leipzig, almost all of the reclamation and cultivation of wheat, barley, beet, .
. soil of the land area of 1 / 3, which is wetted or steeped in the parent material is formed under the conditions of soil,For example by parent material for mountain soil, widely distributed in the middle of the height of the mountain, because the cavity and more rapid permeation, moisture build - ups rarely, natural fertility and more likely to develop forestry forest area 290, of 27. 3%
While Homeland in temperate hardwood forest, coniferous forest but accounted for 80% of the area, in which pine and larch, spruce taiga is a vast majority of these While Homeland in temperate hardwood forest, coniferous forest but accounted for 80% of the area, in which pine and larch, spruce taiga is a vast majority of these . .
of the main forest plantation has beech, maple, ash, oak, birch and alder accounting for 5% of the main forest plantation has beech, maple, ash, oak, birch and alder accounting for 5% . Pine and Larch on Soil does not charge you, as well as in the North German lowlands of sand is widely distributed;moist spruce are dominant in the southern mountains, the coastline is also localized Pine and Larch on Soil does not charge you, as well as in the North German lowlands of sand is widely distributed;moist spruce are dominant in the southern mountains, the coastline is also localized .
mainly distribute in northern hardwood forest, in fertile soil of the region of Mecklenburg - mainly distribute in northern hardwood forest, in fertile soil of the region of Mecklenburg - . in the Harz and the Thuringian Forest Hill, the piedmont zone of the distribution of the smaller area of beech and beech - oak forests to the west of the Saale in the Harz and the Thuringian Forest Hill, the piedmont zone of the distribution of the smaller area of beech and beech - oak forests to the west of the Saale .
in dry and warm and the Elbe valley has small oak woods in dry and warm and the Elbe valley has small oak woods . due to human economic activities such as the influence of animal species - poor, currently still inhabit the forests with deer, fallow deer, wild boar, foxes, badgers and many birds due to human economic activities such as the influence of animal species - poor, currently still inhabit the forests with deer, fallow deer, wild boar, foxes, badgers and many birds .
Population
National average population density of 154 persons per square kilometer, which is most of Eastern European States Number of ballot papers: 190 Number of invalid ballots: 0 Number of valid ballots: 190 Abstentions: 3 Required majority: 97 Number of votes obtained: National average population density of 154 persons per square kilometer, which is most of Eastern European States Number of ballot papers: 190 Number of invalid ballots: 0 Number of valid ballots: 190 Abstentions: 3 Required majority: 97 Number of votes obtained: . .
Saxon districts there are big differences in the three zones (Karl Marx, Leipzig and Dresden) population density per sq km and more than 260 people, far above the national average, Berlin boasts the highest density, at 292 people.Harley, Gela and Erfurt area 160 ~ 200 people per square kilometre;Neubrandenburg and Schwerin area density minimum, respectively, 57 and 68, which in some areas only 35 - 40 people 1947 National reaching a population of 19.1 million, followed by decline, dropping to 18 million in 1954, 1964 and then drop, into the 1980s and now
1670 million population natural growth rate is low, the emergence of a large number of 2 to 4? 1670 million population natural growth rate is low, the emergence of a large number of 2 to 4? . to the mortality of diabetes was higher than the birth rate and natural growth rate is negative number, the average annual decline of 1.3 per 1,000, causing reduction in the number of people of working age, since the 1960s,15 ~ 19 years old and more significantly the number of
the population decreased year on year, with a labour shortage the population decreased year on year, with a labour shortage . with industrial development, urbanization has reached a high level, the city population was 76. 6% (1983)
20,000 following a small population of the city, the urban population accounted for 30% 20,000 following a small population of the city, the urban population accounted for 30% . over medium - sized cities increased in number, only in the 1970s, the city with a population over a million people from 11 to 15, in the nation's total urban population of the 35% over medium - sized cities increased in number, only in the 1970s, the city with a population over a million people from 11 to 15, in the nation's total urban population of the 35% .
urban areas are very non - uniform, Neubrandenburg and Schwerin in northern regions and cities, and Karl Marx,Leipzig and Dresden 3 cities), which is the largest urban population in turn, the proportion of the population of the region 81. 6%, 81. 2% and 79. 4% main ethnic groups of the Germans (Germanic tribe) of that total population, 99% main ethnic groups of the Germans (Germanic tribe) of that total population, 99% .
is the only minority Sorbs, a Slavic genera, living chiefly in the south - east, about 10 million people, the country's population of 0. 6% of the national general German .
Organization Structure
The House Of Peoples
Volkskammer of the GDR is the sole constitutional and legislative organs, is the highest organ of state power Volkskammer of the GDR is the sole constitutional and legislative organs, is the highest organ of state power . The House of Peoples's main functions are: The enactment, amendment and adoption of the constitution;considered, adopted and promulgated various laws and the German Democratic Republic with regard to the development objectives and national plans, national budgets of the resolution;stipulates that a citizen, the collective and mutual cooperation of the main principles of the United States in the implementation of the national development plan of the task;to determine the country's domestic and external policies of the underlying problem;determination of the Council of State, the Council of Ministers, the National Defense Commission (NDC), the Supreme Court and the Office of the Attorney - General of the working principle;election and dismissal of senior leaders of the country;defence affairs which are the responsibility of the decision;Approval of international treaties of the Republic and other international law aspects of the Treaty The House of Peoples's main functions are: The enactment, amendment and adoption of the constitution;considered, adopted and promulgated various laws and the German Democratic Republic with regard to the development objectives and national plans, national budgets of the resolution;stipulates that a citizen, the collective and mutual cooperation of the main principles of the United States in the implementation of the national development plan of the task;to determine the country's domestic and external policies of the underlying problem;determination of the Council of State, the Council of Ministers, the National Defense Commission (NDC), the Supreme Court and the Office of the Attorney - General of the working principle;election and dismissal of senior leaders of the country;defence affairs which are the responsibility of the decision;Approval of international treaties of the Republic and other international law aspects of the Treaty .
Volkskammer provided diplomatic, defense, industrial, and so on 15 the Commission, and of the Council of Ministers of the Council of State, they shall have the right to make recommendations to the relevant ministries in the work of the inquiry, to inspect and supervise as Volkskammer provided diplomatic, defense, industrial, and so on 15 the Commission, and of the Council of Ministers of the Council of State, they shall have the right to make recommendations to the relevant ministries in the work of the inquiry, to inspect and supervise as .
Local Council
Parliament is the local administrative district established Parliament is the local administrative district established . constitutional provisions, the council is elected by the citizens of the prefecture, county, municipal, city and township organs of state power, is responsible for deciding about the territory and its citizens in all the affairs of the local council is constitutional provisions, the council is elected by the citizens of the prefecture, county, municipal, city and township organs of state power, is responsible for deciding about the territory and its citizens in all the affairs of the local council is .
unified national regime part of unified national regime part of . their resolution in the areas under their jurisdiction for all enterprises (including the area within the non - local state - owned enterprises), national and social facilities and by the entire population of binding their resolution in the areas under their jurisdiction for all enterprises (including the area within the non - local state - owned enterprises), national and social facilities and by the entire population of binding .
their resolution is confirmation that all state organs,social forces and residents of the unified and coordinated action on the basis of the their resolution is confirmation that all state organs,social forces and residents of the unified and coordinated action on the basis of the . local representative institutions of central state institutions through a democratic centralism unification of national institutions for the complete system local representative institutions of central state institutions through a democratic centralism unification of national institutions for the complete system .
Council Of State
Council of State is elected by the people of the House of the Heads of State of the collective Council of State is elected by the people of the House of the Heads of State of the collective . 1960 on Sep. 7, the GDR's first president after the death of William Peake, the Volkskammer decided not to run for re - establishment of the President, the Council of State of the Council of State is
Volkskammer elected bodies Volkskammer elected bodies . it is actually the Volkskammer elected in each parliamentary group composed of representatives of activities it it is actually the Volkskammer elected in each parliamentary group composed of representatives of activities it .
on on . assemblyman for the Chairman of the Council of State by the Volkskammer maximum parliamentary nomination assemblyman for the Chairman of the Council of State by the Volkskammer maximum parliamentary nomination .
4 (democratic) One representative from each of any of the Vice - President of the Council of State and a Member of the 4 (democratic) One representative from each of any of the Vice - President of the Council of State and a Member of the .
Council Of Ministers
Council of Ministers as the Volkskammer of the mechanism, by maximum Council of Ministers as the Volkskammer of the mechanism, by maximum . Bundestag parliamentary group of people put forward by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers shall be nominated by the Volkskammer and entrusted him with the organization of the Conference of the Parties serving as the (government) Bundestag parliamentary group of people put forward by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers shall be nominated by the Volkskammer and entrusted him with the organization of the Conference of the Parties serving as the (government) .
in 1972 by the Council of Ministers Law set, it is responsible for the national economy and other areas of society, and responsible to the people to the House with regard to the proposed five - year, the annual draft of the plan and the budget of the State, the people responsible for the implementation of the relevant Act passed the House, keeping the national economy in a planned and balanced development, the coordination of activities in the various fields and areas of development and the achievement of the socialist economic integration in 1972 by the Council of Ministers Law set, it is responsible for the national economy and other areas of society, and responsible to the people to the House with regard to the proposed five - year, the annual draft of the plan and the budget of the State, the people responsible for the implementation of the relevant Act passed the House, keeping the national economy in a planned and balanced development, the coordination of activities in the various fields and areas of development and the achievement of the socialist economic integration . by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the constitutional provisions,several vice - chairmen of the Council of Ministers and the ministers to by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the constitutional provisions,several vice - chairmen of the Council of Ministers and the ministers to .
is a collective work of all the members of the Council of Ministers is a collective work of all the members of the Council of Ministers . mechanism responsible for the activity of mechanism responsible for the activity of .
each minister is responsible for leadership of the mandate entrusted to him within the scope of the work of the Council of Ministers in each minister is responsible for leadership of the mandate entrusted to him within the scope of the work of the Council of Ministers in . among its members a Bureau composed of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers and among its members a Bureau composed of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers and .
under the leadership of the Bureau, on behalf of the Council of Ministers, and in accordance with the provisions of the law on behalf of the Council of Ministers of the GDR under the leadership of the Bureau, on behalf of the Council of Ministers, and in accordance with the provisions of the law on behalf of the Council of Ministers of the GDR . departments of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Interior, National Security, the ministries of justice 37 departments of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Interior, National Security, the ministries of justice 37 .
established several institutions established several institutions .
Local Government
local government at the same level is given by the government and parliament should be responsible and report work to them local government at the same level is given by the government and parliament should be responsible and report work to them . local governments in accordance with the resolutions of Parliament and State organs at higher levels, exercise leadership in the areas of political, economic, social and cultural development, and the decision relating to the region and its citizens in all the affairs local governments in accordance with the resolutions of Parliament and State organs at higher levels, exercise leadership in the areas of political, economic, social and cultural development, and the decision relating to the region and its citizens in all the affairs .
Local Government under a number of specialized agencies, in charge of the local industrial enterprises, agricultural enterprises, and public - utility, is responsible for handling complaints and concerns of residents regarding the affairs of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Local Government under a number of specialized agencies, in charge of the local industrial enterprises, agricultural enterprises, and public - utility, is responsible for handling complaints and concerns of residents regarding the affairs of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) . of the local government said local councils (such as area committees, county committees, rural committees) of the local government said local councils (such as area committees, county committees, rural committees) .
Committee by representatives of the people of the region's elected institutions,Members are representatives of the people of this region is substantially the same as the mechanism of MP Committee by representatives of the people of the region's elected institutions,Members are representatives of the people of this region is substantially the same as the mechanism of MP .
Social Groups
Women in the GDR (DFD), Free German Youth (FDJ), Ernst Thalmann pioneers (JP), the Federation of Trade Unions (German Democratic Republic (GDR), Cultural Alliance (KB), Farmers Mutual Aid Association (Women in the GDR (DFD), Free German Youth (FDJ), Ernst Thalmann pioneers (JP), the Federation of Trade Unions (German Democratic Republic (GDR), Cultural Alliance (KB), Farmers Mutual Aid Association (.)).
Social Economy
Economic Development
Territories forming and developing process of B.C. Germanic peoples in the territory of the settlement, after constantly and adjacent thereto for more integration, gradually the German nation after the 5th century, Germanic Frankish kingdom established after the 5th century, Germanic Frankish kingdom established .
843 to the kingdom was split three ways in which the East Frankish kingdom and paves the way for the modern territory of Germany (the other two kingdoms started to form modern France and Italy) 843 to the kingdom was split three ways in which the East Frankish kingdom and paves the way for the modern territory of Germany (the other two kingdoms started to form modern France and Italy) . territory in the 13th century, the feudal territory, split into many city - states territory in the 13th century, the feudal territory, split into many city - states .
after the 17th century, the rise of the Kingdom of Prussia, in 1804, plays football for Denmark, Austria, and France's third victory of the war,The German after the 17th century, the rise of the Kingdom of Prussia, in 1804, plays football for Denmark, Austria, and France's third victory of the war,The German . stimy of 1848 broke out first in the bourgeois - democratic revolution. Although I failed at it, but due to the rise of industrial capitalism, and economic prosperity on
1871 completed the unification of the country, the establishment of the authority of the German Empire 1871 completed the unification of the country, the establishment of the authority of the German Empire . 19, 20 turn of the century, embarked on a road of militarism 19, 20 turn of the century, embarked on a road of militarism .
to the beginning of the 20th century, after the United States, the world's second industrial powers in the first world war in 1914, to the beginning of the 20th century, after the United States, the world's second industrial powers in the first world war in 1914, . .
the 1918 defeat, the happening of the revolution, the bourgeois revolution to be indexed by the usurping the 1918 defeat, the happening of the revolution, the bourgeois revolution to be indexed by the usurping . Early in 1919 in Weimar the convening of a loya jirga, the adoption of the Constitution, Early in 1919 in Weimar the convening of a loya jirga, the adoption of the Constitution,.
established Weimar Republic of 1933 Hitler came to power in January, 1939 onwards against Austria and Czechoslovakia, the Polish offensive, the launch of the Second World War established Weimar Republic of 1933 Hitler came to power in January, 1939 onwards against Austria and Czechoslovakia, the Polish offensive, the launch of the Second World War . on May 5, 1945 surrender on May 5, 1945 surrender .
after the war, by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union according to the Yalta Conference and Potsdam agreements, occupied germany and its capital Berlin after the war, by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union according to the Yalta Conference and Potsdam agreements, occupied germany and its capital Berlin . September 1949, in the US, the UK, France, the Federal Republic of Germany was occupied, and in October of that year, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in the Soviet occupation zone;In September 1950 added for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January, 1956, joined the Warsaw Treaty Organization September 1949, in the US, the UK, France, the Federal Republic of Germany was occupied, and in October of that year, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in the Soviet occupation zone;In September 1950 added for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January, 1956, joined the Warsaw Treaty Organization .
economic geography before the Second World War the German economy is one of those in developed capitalist countries, the equivalent today in the GDR and the eastern range, the Industry has some bases, home to about a German industrial output of the 1 / 4 economic geography before the Second World War the German economy is one of those in developed capitalist countries, the equivalent today in the GDR and the eastern range, the Industry has some bases, home to about a German industrial output of the 1 / 4 . strong during the war (45% of the industrial equipment in which the heavy industry equipment of 70 ~ 80%), the destruction, of agricultural production is less than half the prewar level of strong during the war (45% of the industrial equipment in which the heavy industry equipment of 70 ~ 80%), the destruction, of agricultural production is less than half the prewar level of .
postwar division of Germany, industrial machinery and metalworking woefully out of touch with the iron and steel, coal and other raw - materials base, and other departments of national economy structure, off - balance,a unified domestic market ravaged and postwar division of Germany, industrial machinery and metalworking woefully out of touch with the iron and steel, coal and other raw - materials base, and other departments of national economy structure, off - balance,a unified domestic market ravaged and . after the founding of the People's Republic of China, implement the basic means of production the nationalisation, agrarian reform, economic recovery, 1950 basically its prewar level of agricultural production as well as after the founding of the People's Republic of China, implement the basic means of production the nationalisation, agrarian reform, economic recovery, 1950 basically its prewar level of agricultural production as well as .
1951 after the implementation of the First Five - Year Plan for 1951 after the implementation of the First Five - Year Plan for . 30 years, with rapid development of the national economy from 1950 to 1970 national income had quadrupled, with an average annual increase of 7. 2%
Entering the 1970s, the entire production from extensive to intensive types mainly dominated by the type of change, economic development slowed, but stable Entering the 1970s, the entire production from extensive to intensive types mainly dominated by the type of change, economic development slowed, but stable . Press 1980 constant prices,1970 national income is more than DM 1174, 1984 increase is 2225 DM, annual average growth rate was 4. 6%
is growing faster than the developed capitalist countries, and is also higher than that of the Soviet Union and other countries of Eastern Europe is growing faster than the developed capitalist countries, and is also higher than that of the Soviet Union and other countries of Eastern Europe . 1980 annual per - capita GNP is $7180, the east - - economic development in the countries with the highest levels of 1980 annual per - capita GNP is $7180, the east - - economic development in the countries with the highest levels of .
departments of national economy structure has also undergone great changes, the industrial proportion is rising, the proportion of agriculture decreased and become more advanced industrial socialist departments of national economy structure has also undergone great changes, the industrial proportion is rising, the proportion of agriculture decreased and become more advanced industrial socialist . regional economic difference. We both northern regions including Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg region,on the brink of the oceans, which harbour development through trade
this lack of energy and mineral resources, a sparse population, poor economic development history, this lack of energy and mineral resources, a sparse population, poor economic development history, . in industry, agricultural production, providing commercial meat and milk occupies countrywide 1 / 4 in industry, agricultural production, providing commercial meat and milk occupies countrywide 1 / 4 .
utilises local agricultural produce and fish in the food processing, the total output value of the country's food industry is of 1 / 5 utilises local agricultural produce and fish in the food processing, the total output value of the country's food industry is of 1 / 5 . to shipbuilding, as the main motor of the mechanical manufacturing industry, which occupies an important position in to shipbuilding, as the main motor of the mechanical manufacturing industry, which occupies an important position in .
Lubmin nuclear power station near Nolde,meet the country's nuclear power production of the majority of the Lubmin nuclear power station near Nolde,meet the country's nuclear power production of the majority of the . using imported raw materials to develop according to the content of nitrogen - based chemical industry using imported raw materials to develop according to the content of nitrogen - based chemical industry .
Rostock is the largest seaport and economic center in the middle zone on the west bank of the Oder Rostock is the largest seaport and economic center in the middle zone on the west bank of the Oder . 2 located in the middle of the northern plains, including the capital Berlin and its surrounding areas of Potsdam and Frankfurt area 2 located in the middle of the northern plains, including the capital Berlin and its surrounding areas of Potsdam and Frankfurt area .
located to its east and western economic links in the path of transport favourable geographic location, as a part of the growth in the industrial base, steel and electrical machinery, electronics, instrument manufacturing and advanced chemical industry, the total output value in the district's industrial output of more than half located to its east and western economic links in the path of transport favourable geographic location, as a part of the growth in the industrial base, steel and electrical machinery, electronics, instrument manufacturing and advanced chemical industry, the total output value in the district's industrial output of more than half . agricultural development level in the southeastern part of the adjacent land use, land - use scale,Most of the crops and livestock and poultry products, mechanical equipment level is in other regions during the process of agricultural intensification degree after agricultural development level in the southeastern part of the adjacent land use, land - use scale,Most of the crops and livestock and poultry products, mechanical equipment level is in other regions during the process of agricultural intensification degree after .
. nationwide high urbanization area, urban population accounted for 84% nationwide high urbanization area, urban population accounted for 84% .
is the nation's capital Berlin and the state's economic center, with the surrounding industrial towns are composed of combinations of Berlin urban agglomeration area is the nation's capital Berlin and the state's economic center, with the surrounding industrial towns are composed of combinations of Berlin urban agglomeration area . The middle Elbe included the coastal zone, Magdeburg, Halle and Leipzig region 3 The middle Elbe included the coastal zone, Magdeburg, Halle and Leipzig region 3 .
rich variety of minerals, soil fertile, densely populated, heavily concentrated industrial production industrial rich variety of minerals, soil fertile, densely populated, heavily concentrated industrial production industrial . 1 / 3, charac - terized predominantly by the department in a chemical, fuel, power, nonferrous metallurgy, machinery - manufacturing industry developed 1 / 3, charac - terized predominantly by the department in a chemical, fuel, power, nonferrous metallurgy, machinery - manufacturing industry developed .
. to Halle and Leipzig,surrounding industrial towns constitute a country's largest city of Leipzig - Halle agglomeration area along the banks of the Elbe to Halle and Leipzig,surrounding industrial towns constitute a country's largest city of Leipzig - Halle agglomeration area along the banks of the Elbe .
agricultural base, mechanization and intensivism degree is high, is the country's granary, of China's grain and 1 / 3 agricultural base, mechanization and intensivism degree is high, is the country's granary, of China's grain and 1 / 3 . milk should be used for the development of animal husbandry milk should be used for the development of animal husbandry .
④ southern regions including Karl - Marx - Stadt, Gela, Erfurt and Suhl are 4 ④ southern regions including Karl - Marx - Stadt, Gela, Erfurt and Suhl are 4 . Sulai is a highly industrialized region, the country's most industrialized and urbanized areas, industries, factories and enterprises widespread Sulai is a highly industrialized region, the country's most industrialized and urbanized areas, industries, factories and enterprises widespread .
most raw materials, energy, fuel, production for export of high quality manufactured goods such as most raw materials, energy, fuel, production for export of high quality manufactured goods such as . history formed on the textiles and light industrial area,The textile industry accounts for 70 percent of the country, motor, electronic instrument and manufacturing output, accounting for 40% history formed on the textiles and light industrial area,The textile industry accounts for 70 percent of the country, motor, electronic instrument and manufacturing output, accounting for 40% .
agricultural regions, the occurrence of milk, meat and livestock farming developed to agricultural regions, the occurrence of milk, meat and livestock farming developed to . Karl - Marx - Stadt and Zwickau in be with adjacent industrial town consisting of Karl - Marx - Stadt Zwickau urban agglomeration area Karl - Marx - Stadt and Zwickau in be with adjacent industrial town consisting of Karl - Marx - Stadt Zwickau urban agglomeration area .
⑤ southeast area including the Dresden and Energie Cottbus ⑤ southeast area including the Dresden and Energie Cottbus . natural resources in the two regions having the full lignite (Europe); Chau, quartz sand, clay, raw materials, various building materials, nonferrous metals,Timbers are endowed with national significance natural resources in the two regions having the full lignite (Europe); Chau, quartz sand, clay, raw materials, various building materials, nonferrous metals,Timbers are endowed with national significance .
industrial development ranks 3rd in the country, the heavy industry sector, is the main energy base of coal mining, industry ranks the first in China to industrial development ranks 3rd in the country, the heavy industry sector, is the main energy base of coal mining, industry ranks the first in China to . motor, electronics, instrument and manufacture of mechanical industry has developed quickly. The
agricultural production scale ranks last in the country, but the agricultural techniques, tractors and equipment level of higher fertilizer. Planting is mainly oriented to the rye , , .
potatoes mainly meadows and pastures and high proportion of dairy animal husbandry potatoes mainly meadows and pastures and high proportion of dairy animal husbandry . to Dresden is combined at the center of town near the industrial cluster district composed of Dresden city to Dresden is combined at the center of town near the industrial cluster district composed of Dresden city .
Industrial
well - developed industries and, in the national economy plays a leading role in the 1983 well - developed industries and, in the national economy plays a leading role in the 1983 . GNP (NRP), the industry accounted for 70. 2%, the industrial employment of the employed population of 37. 8%
long, the industry as a key national economic development, industrial investment in the national economy with a total investment of more than half long, the industry as a key national economic development, industrial investment in the national economy with a total investment of more than half . industrial production has developed rapidly, 1949 - 1983 industrial production increased by 12. 3
times from 1981 to 1984 the industrial production grew by an annual average of 5. 3% industrial and technological equipment, advanced, adopted a centrally planned economy, industrial production and focus industrial and technological equipment, advanced, adopted a centrally planned economy, industrial production and focus .
large conglomerates, extensive development,so that the small number of 19800 home from 1955 to 1982 of 4029 home, 133 is formed of a large integrated enterprise, its employees and accounts for approximately 70% of industrial employment, accounting for 74% of industrial GDP large conglomerates, extensive development,so that the small number of 19800 home from 1955 to 1982 of 4029 home, 133 is formed of a large integrated enterprise, its employees and accounts for approximately 70% of industrial employment, accounting for 74% of industrial GDP . industrial structure, ownership of the means of production in industrial output accounted for about 2 / 3, greatly exceeding the production of consumer goods industrial structure, ownership of the means of production in industrial output accounted for about 2 / 3, greatly exceeding the production of consumer goods .
important machinery manufacture, chemical, mining, steel, textile and machinery manufacturing industry important machinery manufacture, chemical, mining, steel, textile and machinery manufacturing industry . is the core of the department, the industrial output by value of 29. 5%,Workers in the total industrial workforce of 2 / 5 or more, which is the equivalent of the total export value of 48. 5% (1982)
motor, electronic and instrument manufacturing machinery industry in the rapid pace of the dominant growth sector, its output value accounting for mechanical output of motor 30% motor, electronic and instrument manufacturing machinery industry in the rapid pace of the dominant growth sector, its output value accounting for mechanical output of motor 30% . many products, mainly transformers, motors, generators, cables, lighting, mechanical, electrical appliances and the like, the production was found at the center of Berlin, Dresden, etc many products, mainly transformers, motors, generators, cables, lighting, mechanical, electrical appliances and the like, the production was found at the center of Berlin, Dresden, etc .
the postwar electronics industry is an emerging sector, the main products, electronic components, electronic computer, electronic communication tools as well as industrial and domestic electronic equipment, machinery, radio, and television, etc.the main center of Dresden, Stassfurt, Tyrtova, etc the microelectronics industry is growing very rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s; the latter half of the production of microelectronic components, microelectronic 1984 industrial output has reached 25 billion marks, Erfurt is the production center the microelectronics industry is growing very rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s; the latter half of the production of microelectronic components, microelectronic 1984 industrial output has reached 25 billion marks, Erfurt is the production center .
instrument manufacturing to produce precision machinery, measuring instruments, optical instruments, such as known, Jena and Dresden as a center, the former is famous in the world of the "Carl Zeiss" optical joint enterprises, a complete range of the instrument;with the support of the people, "Peng tower hole" joint enterprise, so as to produce a movie camera and projector is best known as the instrument manufacturing to produce precision machinery, measuring instruments, optical instruments, such as known, Jena and Dresden as a center, the former is famous in the world of the "Carl Zeiss" optical joint enterprises, a complete range of the instrument;with the support of the people, "Peng tower hole" joint enterprise, so as to produce a movie camera and projector is best known as the . automobile manufacturing center is mainly to Zwickau, Eisenach, Ludwigsfeld, etc automobile manufacturing center is mainly to Zwickau, Eisenach, Ludwigsfeld, etc .
agricultural machinery has developed rapidly, and by far the most important export, production is highly concentrated in southern and central regions, mainly found at the center of the Dresden area of Florenz Ziegfeld, Neustadt, Magdeburg in Baker agricultural machinery has developed rapidly, and by far the most important export, production is highly concentrated in southern and central regions, mainly found at the center of the Dresden area of Florenz Ziegfeld, Neustadt, Magdeburg in Baker . textile machinery such as the center is concentrated mainly in Karl - Marx - City textile machinery such as the center is concentrated mainly in Karl - Marx - City .
center center . Leipzig is printing machinery in the shipbuilding industry is mainly distributed in the Baltic Sea, the largest center is Warnemünde,Shipbuilding accounted for 30% of that of the above, the production cargo ships, container ships, icebreakers followed Rostock and Wismar, production, according to the traffic of seagoing vessels, research vessels, fishing vessels and the like Leipzig is printing machinery in the shipbuilding industry is mainly distributed in the Baltic Sea, the largest center is Warnemünde,Shipbuilding accounted for 30% of that of the above, the production cargo ships, container ships, icebreakers followed Rostock and Wismar, production, according to the traffic of seagoing vessels, research vessels, fishing vessels and the like .
machine tool manufacturing occupies the important position and Karl - Marx - Stadt in the production of a variety of machine tool, forging, etc., of forging machine tool production of Erfurt, Leipzig and casting production lathe mechanical chemical industry is one of the most developed industrial sector, accounting for around 11% of total industrial production value, employees in the industrial output value of the total staff; there are 10. 6%, the chemical product which is the equivalent of the total export value of 12. 8% (1981),are very important in national economy development
soon after the war, the chemical industry 1949 ~ 1983 production increased 15 times more soon after the war, the chemical industry 1949 ~ 1983 production increased 15 times more . operates in the following areas: Halle - Leipzig, to the local mining of lignite, brown coal chemical industry development;the eastern region, using the import of petroleum processing, petrochemical development, production, chemical fibre, synthetic resin, such as nitrogen, Berlin, Cottbus, Frankfurt is a center of production;Dresden region, has an advantageous geographical position of the economy, taking in raw materials and fuel, chemical fiber production, pharmaceuticals, paper machine, and rubber products;the front zone of the Harz, the nearby mountain of chemical feedstocks and non - ferrous metallurgical industry wastes of potash production, sulfuric acid, calcined soda and the like;Rostock is the new center, from Soviet times Wen Nicholls horse into semifinished products of ammonia, nitrogen fertilizer production operates in the following areas: Halle - Leipzig, to the local mining of lignite, brown coal chemical industry development;the eastern region, using the import of petroleum processing, petrochemical development, production, chemical fibre, synthetic resin, such as nitrogen, Berlin, Cottbus, Frankfurt is a center of production;Dresden region, has an advantageous geographical position of the economy, taking in raw materials and fuel, chemical fiber production, pharmaceuticals, paper machine, and rubber products;the front zone of the Harz, the nearby mountain of chemical feedstocks and non - ferrous metallurgical industry wastes of potash production, sulfuric acid, calcined soda and the like;Rostock is the new center, from Soviet times Wen Nicholls horse into semifinished products of ammonia, nitrogen fertilizer production .
. lignite mining industry developed in the industrial sector and geographical structure of the energy industry plays a primary role of lignite mining industry developed in the industrial sector and geographical structure of the energy industry plays a primary role of .
lignite rich in resources, is mainly used as power and chemical lignite rich in resources, is mainly used as power and chemical . in domestic energy production, accounting for 93% of lignite, natural gas accounted for 4. 5%, of uranium (2. 4%
1983 lignite production totaled 2. 78 billion tons, accounting for 30% of the total output of lignite, lignite is the most in the world industrial geographical distribution, it is important to make a change, from the center of gravity of the German coal mining under steering Lao Qi's coalfield,Energie Cottbus region (under Lao Qi's coalfield region) to become the new largest lignite mining area, with an annual output of 1. 5 million tons;cooperation in the fields of coal still accounts for a large proportion, wherein the Leipzig, Halle and Dresden 3 area, respectively, have an annual capacity of 5,000 tons and 4000 tons and 1000 tons
60 "in Magdeburg in the northern area of Salzwedel found more oil and gas, mining, and currently about 80 cubic meters 60 "in Magdeburg in the northern area of Salzwedel found more oil and gas, mining, and currently about 80 cubic meters . petroleum processing industry depends almost entirely on imported oil, gas output was minimal, with an annual production capacity of 5,400 tons. Main producing areas in the east of Rostock
refining centers in Schwerte,mainly from the Soviet Union through the friendship of pipeline with the branch from Rostock of pipeline with the input of the processed petroleum - refining industry in the rest of the refining centers in Schwerte,mainly from the Soviet Union through the friendship of pipeline with the branch from Rostock of pipeline with the input of the processed petroleum - refining industry in the rest of the . distribution Ha minefields and Leipzig.
It is of vital importance to the mining industry developed on the basis of important departments It is of vital importance to the mining industry developed on the basis of important departments . 1981 electricity production for the first time in more than 1,000 kilowatt - hours, up to 1983 1049 billion kwh of electricity a year, per capita production of electricity, about 6000 abundance, on top of the world 1981 electricity production for the first time in more than 1,000 kilowatt - hours, up to 1983 1049 billion kwh of electricity a year, per capita production of electricity, about 6000 abundance, on top of the world .
86 per cent of electricity production by fossil - fired or lignite (the amount of 90% or more) 86 per cent of electricity production by fossil - fired or lignite (the amount of 90% or more) . recent years plant production of electricity accounts for 12% recent years plant production of electricity accounts for 12% .
plants distribute mainly in the lignite with the country's total electricity production of the 4 / 5,wherein the Cottbus area, followed by the mined areas Ha and Leipzig plants distribute mainly in the lignite with the country's total electricity production of the 4 / 5,wherein the Cottbus area, followed by the mined areas Ha and Leipzig . iron and steel industry is a newly - built post - war heavy industry iron ore mining country iron and steel industry is a newly - built post - war heavy industry iron ore mining country .
rarely, scarcity of raw materials, production equipment, imports of iron ore, coking coal or coke is limited, but is weak in rarely, scarcity of raw materials, production equipment, imports of iron ore, coking coal or coke is limited, but is weak in . 30 years, steel production in terms of annual average growth of 8 per cent increments, 1983 year 721.
9 tons of iron and steel industry is mainly concentrated in the Berlin area around Potsdam and Frankfurt area, the national production of pig iron 3 / 4, 3 / 5 of steel and steel - - more than half, here's the Brandenburg, Hennigsdorf,Eisen Hu Teng Darmstadt and other large integrated steel enterprises 9 tons of iron and steel industry is mainly concentrated in the Berlin area around Potsdam and Frankfurt area, the national production of pig iron 3 / 4, 3 / 5 of steel and steel - - more than half, here's the Brandenburg, Hennigsdorf,Eisen Hu Teng Darmstadt and other large integrated steel enterprises . ritholtz area of Dresden, Gröditz Steelmakers such as national production of steel 1 / 4 and 4 / 5 of the steel pipe ritholtz area of Dresden, Gröditz Steelmakers such as national production of steel 1 / 4 and 4 / 5 of the steel pipe .
Golmud region of Maxhütte co - production of steel, accounting for 11% Golmud region of Maxhütte co - production of steel, accounting for 11% . textile industry is the largest of the light industry sector, the value of its proportion in gross industrial output value was from 1960 to 8 per cent in 1981 of 5. 7%, but in the nation in industrial production is still accounted for most of the status of the
to cotton, wool, raw materials for cotton and wool for a majority of all imports,Karl - Marx - Stadt is the nation's biggest textile center to cotton, wool, raw materials for cotton and wool for a majority of all imports,Karl - Marx - Stadt is the nation's biggest textile center .
Agriculture
For over 30 years, agricultural production grew steadily from 1950 to 1984 average annual growth rate of 7% For over 30 years, agricultural production grew steadily from 1950 to 1984 average annual growth rate of 7% . agricultural and forestry accounts (GNP and net income 7. 8% (1982), the national employment growth as a percentage of 10%, and still is the important department
agricultural production has been achieved in mechanization and chemicalization and electrification, the level of production technology and agricultural land use intensive degree agricultural production has been achieved in mechanization and chemicalization and electrification, the level of production technology and agricultural land use intensive degree ., 1983 - forest - pasture land for a total of 921 hectares, accounting for 85 percent of the nation's land area is arable land (43. 7%,Forest and woodland account for 27. 3%, grassland accounted for 11. 5%), the same as the use of land, wasteland, city and mining land and waters account for 15%
agricultural structure, animal husbandry, animal husbandry to agricultural gross 62. 5%, farming accounts for 37. 5% planting relatively fast development of animal husbandry, animal husbandry production from 1950 to 1984 with an average annual growth rate of 3. 7%, while crop cultivation, with an average annual growth rate of only 1. 7%
crop yield per unit area is rising rapidly, from 1960 to 1983 the annual grain yield per hectare from 2750 kg to 3970 kg,Wheat yield per hectare increased to 4710 from 3480 kg kg crop yield per unit area is rising rapidly, from 1960 to 1983 the annual grain yield per hectare from 2750 kg to 3970 kg,Wheat yield per hectare increased to 4710 from 3480 kg kg . the commercialization of crops, as grain is 33%, 54% potato, sugar beets, the commercialization of crops, as grain is 33%, 54% potato, sugar beets, .
90% of meat, milk, butter, eggs, potatoes, have become self - sufficient and superabundant, cereals, fresh vegetables and fruits of the degree of self - sufficiency by 75%, 80% and 50% 90% of meat, milk, butter, eggs, potatoes, have become self - sufficient and superabundant, cereals, fresh vegetables and fruits of the degree of self - sufficiency by 75%, 80% and 50% . main crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and beet main crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and beet .
1983 grain sown area of 253.8 million hectares, with total output 1006. 7 million tons of wheat sowing 75. 4 hectares, the yield of 355 million tons,and the plains in the south of the fertile soils of the region, to Leipzig, Halle and Erfurt districts are centralized in the hands of
Rye Acreage 71. 3 million hectares, yield 209. 2 tons, distributed in the central plains barley and oat plantings were 88. 9 hectares and 3 hectares, the yield was 49. 2 million tons and 2.8 tons, mainly distributed in the south of the former, the latter mainly in the north,
potato commonly cultivated, a decrease in recent years, only 48 of 1983 s. 3 hectares, yield 706. 3 tons,In addition to eat, is mainly used as fodder and industrial chemicals beet production, the fluctuation in 1983 with an annual production capacity of 570 tons, were concentrated in the Halle and Magdeburg districts like beet production, the fluctuation in 1983 with an annual production capacity of 570 tons, were concentrated in the Halle and Magdeburg districts like .
is northern most developed animal husbandry, fodder crops are developed on the basis of intensive, milk with animal husbandry should be mainly in the mountainous southern is northern most developed animal husbandry, fodder crops are developed on the basis of intensive, milk with animal husbandry should be mainly in the mountainous southern . using natural pastures, sheep - rearing predominates in the sugarbeet using natural pastures, sheep - rearing predominates in the sugarbeet .
and the central area of the sugar beet and potato scrap as feed in pig farming development and the central area of the sugar beet and potato scrap as feed in pig farming development .
Transportation
China has been developed consisting of China has been developed consisting of . railway transportation system in domestic and international transportation plays an important role in it, bear all the freight volume of approximately 1 / 3 railway transportation system in domestic and international transportation plays an important role in it, bear all the freight volume of approximately 1 / 3 .
nationwide with a total length of railway lines 14226 km, electrified railways which were 14. 7% (1983) Berlin is the largest railway hub Berlin is the largest railway hub .
dense highway network, and a total length of line 47380 kilometers, accounting for 85 percent of all passenger and freight 60% of the total length of navigable inland waterways dense highway network, and a total length of line 47380 kilometers, accounting for 85 percent of all passenger and freight 60% of the total length of navigable inland waterways . 2319 kilometers, cargo freight volume of only about 1. 8%, and the main Elbe Canal is a navigable waterway,undertake domestic waterborne cargo volume in the 3 / 4
1980 nationwide 192 ocean merchantman ship, the gross tonnage of 187. 7 million tons of cargo passed through the total freight volume of 1. 2% Rostock is the largest seaport with a throughput of the country's seaport throughput of 76. 7%, followed by Wismar and Stralsund, throughput of national total of 19. 5% and 3. 8% (1983)
seaports transported goods are mainly ores, metals, coal, petroleum and its products, fertilizer, etc seaports transported goods are mainly ores, metals, coal, petroleum and its products, fertilizer, etc . Airlift Route 60, the maximum length is about 12 km, passenger traffic in the 135. 8 million,freight ton 28980 (1983)
Furthermore, 1300 km long oil pipeline, and undertake all the freight volume of around 4% Furthermore, 1300 km long oil pipeline, and undertake all the freight volume of around 4% .
Foreign Trade
In the national economy plays an important role in the development of the 40 per cent of national income is achieved through the foreign trade of In the national economy plays an important role in the development of the 40 per cent of national income is achieved through the foreign trade of . 70 years since the appearance and the trade deficit, which in 1977 was as high as 80. 4 billion of foreign exchange via
Mark expand exports and imports are strictly controlled and, in recent years has been changed to Mark expand exports and imports are strictly controlled and, in recent years has been changed to . surplus to export manufactured goods, and the mechanism of the motor, electronic, optical and precision machinery, machine tools, ships, and other mechanical products accounted for 50% of the value of exports, chemicals accounted for 13% surplus to export manufactured goods, and the mechanism of the motor, electronic, optical and precision machinery, machine tools, ships, and other mechanical products accounted for 50% of the value of exports, chemicals accounted for 13% .
import petroleum, coal, coke, bauxite, the raw material such as natural gas and fuel for the bulk of the country's trade up to 1983 import petroleum, coal, coke, bauxite, the raw material such as natural gas and fuel for the bulk of the country's trade up to 1983 . 1604. 2 billion in foreign exchange for Mark,with the CMEA member countries and trade accounts for 62. 5%, and the Soviet Union accounted for 38%, with the developed capitalist countries accounts for 29. 4% of trade with the Federal Republic of Germany (which occupied 6. 4%);also with more than 50 developing countries in trade, but only a total of 5. 4%, which the Asian developing countries accounted for roughly half of all
Historical Evolution
Modern German
BC territory inhabited by the Germanic BC territory inhabited by the Germanic . 2 - 3rd century A.D and gradually formed a tribal
10 century formed the early German feudal state by the mid - 13th - century feudal practices towards 10 century formed the early German feudal state by the mid - 13th - century feudal practices towards . .
In the early 18th century Austria and Prussia's rise, according to the Congress of Vienna in 1815, formed the German Confederation, the German revolution of 1848 broke out across the region, of Prussia in 1866 the "Seven Weeks War" in the defeat of Austria, the following year established the North German Confederation, German Empire of 1871 unification In the early 18th century Austria and Prussia's rise, according to the Congress of Vienna in 1815, formed the German Confederation, the German revolution of 1848 broke out across the region, of Prussia in 1866 the "Seven Weeks War" in the defeat of Austria, the following year established the North German Confederation, German Empire of 1871 unification . established the German Empire in 1914 and first world war,In 1918 by defeat established the German Empire in 1914 and first world war,In 1918 by defeat .
declared the collapse of the 1919 German Weimar Republic established in February 1933, Hitler came to power declared the collapse of the 1919 German Weimar Republic established in February 1933, Hitler came to power . .
dictatorships and Nazi Germany in 1939 started World War II dictatorships and Nazi Germany in 1939 started World War II .
After World War II The German
on 8 May 1945 Nazi Germany was defeated in the on 8 May 1945 Nazi Germany was defeated in the . in accordance with the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference points to the Potsdam Conference, decisions in Germany after its defeat and divided it into four, respectively, by the British, the USA, the four victorious nations of the Soviet occupation, and a highest management units of the Allied Control Commission (CICAD) of the Allied Control Council (ACC) to German governance affairs in accordance with the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference points to the Potsdam Conference, decisions in Germany after its defeat and divided it into four, respectively, by the British, the USA, the four victorious nations of the Soviet occupation, and a highest management units of the Allied Control Commission (CICAD) of the Allied Control Council (ACC) to German governance affairs .
due to ideological differences, in the post - war by the U.S. - led Western bloc and the Soviet Union as the main communist faction of the opposition gradually, March 1948, the United States, Britain,France held a conference in London, an initial determination to be the occupied territories would be merged to form one of the West German regime the light of this, the Soviets made, first of all withdrew from the Allied control commission, announced in a process of creating an East German regime the light of this, the Soviets made, first of all withdrew from the Allied control commission, announced in a process of creating an East German regime .
The Founding Of The People's Democratic Republic (GDR)
On 20 June 1948, Allied Control Commission (CICAD) of the three western occupation zone were originally issued currency was integrate, but excluded the Soviet occupation zone, it has issued a so - called Westmark On 20 June 1948, Allied Control Commission (CICAD) of the three western occupation zone were originally issued currency was integrate, but excluded the Soviet occupation zone, it has issued a so - called Westmark . and the soviet sector also at 3 days after having issued the Ostmark, something symbolic, marking the formal separation and the soviet sector also at 3 days after having issued the Ostmark, something symbolic, marking the formal separation .
after the separation of East and West Germany, East Germany had created in 1948 in the beginning, the use of a blockade of the West Berlin district of Westmark, 11 months and hopefully a move that has been completely controlled the whole of Berlin,But in Western countries continued to air in such a way that the support is not achieved under after the separation of East and West Germany, East Germany had created in 1948 in the beginning, the use of a blockade of the West Berlin district of Westmark, 11 months and hopefully a move that has been completely controlled the whole of Berlin,But in Western countries continued to air in such a way that the support is not achieved under . in the Berlin Blockade in 1949 (released on May 12, shortly after the May 23, Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) officially announced the establishment of the East German in the Berlin Blockade in 1949 (released on May 12, shortly after the May 23, Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) officially announced the establishment of the East German .
also in October of that year the announcement of the formal establishment of the German Democratic Republic GDR also in October of that year the announcement of the formal establishment of the German Democratic Republic GDR . is in zone is formed on the basis of the zone is situated in eastern Germany, is in zone is formed on the basis of the zone is situated in eastern Germany, .
, , . zone covers an area of 10 square kilometers of land reform, confiscating the Nazi war criminals and the property of the molecule,The portion of industrial nationalisation zone covers an area of 10 square kilometers of land reform, confiscating the Nazi war criminals and the property of the molecule,The portion of industrial nationalisation .
according to Soviet model in the countries occupied by the creation of new institutional basis according to Soviet model in the countries occupied by the creation of new institutional basis . on 26 June 1945, zone 5 states of the state governments on 26 June 1945, zone 5 states of the state governments .
August established industrial, transportation, power, such as the total administration, 1946 to 21 April, the Communists and Social Democrats zone held Congress, bipartisan (Socialist Unity Party of Germany,SED) August established industrial, transportation, power, such as the total administration, 1946 to 21 April, the Communists and Social Democrats zone held Congress, bipartisan (Socialist Unity Party of Germany,SED) . William Peake and Otto Grotte was elected party chairman William Peake and Otto Grotte was elected party chairman .
October 1946 zone held state elections, the Socialist Party won the most votes of the region's ruling party October 1946 zone held state elections, the Socialist Party won the most votes of the region's ruling party . but this time the Japanese - occupied areas in accordance with the Western mode of construction of the western occupation zone but this time the Japanese - occupied areas in accordance with the Western mode of construction of the western occupation zone .
and and . increasingly competing on February 12, 1948, the United States and British - occupied zone during the establishment of the joint state legislature and the executive management committee, the zone to each of the management of the proposed merger, as well as the establishment of the German Economic Commission, the management of the economic zone, and to expand its powers,give full Economic Commission shall be responsible for the occupation issue binding orders increasingly competing on February 12, 1948, the United States and British - occupied zone during the establishment of the joint state legislature and the executive management committee, the zone to each of the management of the proposed merger, as well as the establishment of the German Economic Commission, the management of the economic zone, and to expand its powers,give full Economic Commission shall be responsible for the occupation issue binding orders .
3 month established the economic plan the total management department, and later of Gosplan 3 month established the economic plan the total management department, and later of Gosplan . 20 June 1948 the western zones, a monetary reform in the Soviet Union on June 23 in the zone a monetary reform, the original currency in East German Mark,- occupied part of the economy is something completely separate 20 June 1948 the western zones, a monetary reform in the Soviet Union on June 23 in the zone a monetary reform, the original currency in East German Mark,- occupied part of the economy is something completely separate .
while political splintering at while political splintering at . 7 December 1947 by the Socialist Party launched the convening of the 2nd edition of the German People's Congresses of the People's Republic of China and its representatives basically 7 December 1947 by the Socialist Party launched the convening of the 2nd edition of the German People's Congresses of the People's Republic of China and its representatives basically .
to to . zone from the General Assembly elected to William Peake is the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 1948 zone from the General Assembly elected to William Peake is the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 1948 .
Oct. 22, adopted by the Socialist Party proposed by the draft constitution of the GDR ", 25 May 1949 meeting of the 3rd congress in the FRG of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany a week after the entry into force,Germany's parliament, on May 30, and the ratification of the GDR Constitution " in the FRG of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany a week after the entry into force,Germany's parliament, on May 30, and the ratification of the GDR Constitution ".
congresses have been chosen on the basis of 400 people is on the Board of the congresses have been chosen on the basis of 400 people is on the Board of the . On 7 October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed, East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) On 7 October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed, East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) .
on October 11, 1949, William Peake was elected President of the GDR, Otto Grotte Wollaston as interim prime minister.On 11 November, the Soviet occupation zone commander announced that the administrative powers transferred to the new country's Soviet occupation authorities, transferred to the Soviet Union supervision committee " so, Germany split into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic had two national so, Germany split into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic had two national .
with respect to the FRG the American - led NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and then joining the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact with respect to the FRG the American - led NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and then joining the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact .
The Demise Of The German Democratic Republic (GDR)
In 1989 the GDR's situation changes rapidly and In 1989 the GDR's situation changes rapidly and . from May onwards, large numbers of citizens fled to the FRG from May onwards, large numbers of citizens fled to the FRG .
in early October, many cities have erupted in different scale of the demonstrations, called for a relaxation of travel restrictions and the news media like in early October, many cities have erupted in different scale of the demonstrations, called for a relaxation of travel restrictions and the news media like . on 18 October, the President of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on 18 October, the President of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) .
Honecker resigned on 9 November, the "Berlin Wall" Honecker resigned on 9 November, the "Berlin Wall" . opened on 28 November, Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany was reunified on two of the ten - point plan opened on 28 November, Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany was reunified on two of the ten - point plan .
1990 February 13 - 14, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow's first visit to the FRG 1990 February 13 - 14, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow's first visit to the FRG . The Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China,the people of the GDR parliamentary free elections, de Maiziere served as Prime Minister after the merger has greatly accelerated the pace of the The Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China,the people of the GDR parliamentary free elections, de Maiziere served as Prime Minister after the merger has greatly accelerated the pace of the .
5 Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China, the two German states signed in Bonn on establishing monetary, economic and social union treaty countries 5 Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China, the two German states signed in Bonn on establishing monetary, economic and social union treaty countries . 8 - 31, and the parties have signed the Berlin Treaty 8 - 31, and the parties have signed the Berlin Treaty .
of the reunification of Germany on Sep. 24, the GDR National People's Army formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact 3 October the GDR joined the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic (GDR) 3 October the GDR joined the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic (GDR) .
of the Constitution, the people of the House, the government will be automatically cancelled and the original 14 prefectures for units of the Federal Republic of Germany in order to adapt to the change in 5 states, incorporated in the FRG, split 40 years of German reunification of the Constitution, the people of the House, the government will be automatically cancelled and the original 14 prefectures for units of the Federal Republic of Germany in order to adapt to the change in 5 states, incorporated in the FRG, split 40 years of German reunification .
Social Development
German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the development of socialism can be divided into three stages: the stage of democratic revolution (fascist or socialist revolution preparation period);the transitional period towards socialism;the construction of the socialist period in recent years German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the development of socialism can be divided into three stages: the stage of democratic revolution (fascist or socialist revolution preparation period);the transitional period towards socialism;the construction of the socialist period in recent years . according to most scholars, the three periods of time generally is divided into: a fascist revolution from 1945, beginning in the early 50 's to come to an end;Transition from the early 1950s to the early 1960s (the latest view from 1958 to 1963 is a decisive stage of the transitional period, is made, the basic task for implementation of the power stage);From the beginning of the 1960s began to enter the period of socialist construction (latest view was that the beginning of the 1960s, at the end of the transitional period, i.e. at the start of construction of the Developed Socialism, though the construction of the Developed Socialism in 1971 the concept was fully elaborated and a formal written document of the Communist Party of China (CPC) due to the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
has special historical conditions and development, the respective period of implementation of specific policies and the development of the road has some characteristics of has special historical conditions and development, the respective period of implementation of specific policies and the development of the road has some characteristics of .
Fascism In The Period Of Democratic Revolution
Fascism in democratic revolution period are mainly provided for the following four basic tasks: (a) anti - democratic regime (2) for the eradication of the reactionary forces of the economic base, confiscation or take over the war criminals and large capital and state enterprise reforms and (c) (4) In the field of ideology and culture in the eradication of the ideology influenced by fascism and imperialism.
By The Transition From Capitalism To Socialism
Started from 1958, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in what has been achieved on the basis of the main tasks of the Transitional Authority to remain focused on Started from 1958, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in what has been achieved on the basis of the main tasks of the Transitional Authority to remain focused on . to 1963, basically the end of the transitional period, its main signs are: (a) we have realized the transformation of the socialist relations of production of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in connection with the formulation of rural relations of production scheme, described in the first part of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the author think there are several basic factors must be considered: 1, German farmers for centuries as the bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy and the dispossession of land put up a stiff fight, the broad masses of peasants to private ownership, especially private land, as the reason for the survival,Social security and individual freedoms of the most reliable foundation for a small private ownership in the majority of the work in the realities of the peasants;2, after about 100 years to the development of capitalism, the agricultural production level was relatively high, which in many regions and many large farmers stronger Sino Agro Enterprise;3, after the antifascist democratic changes, the rural social structure has undergone great changes, the middle peasants has become the decisive classes, more than half of the agricultural enterprises and 44% of the land and that they are operating;4, at the time of the democratic de edge borders of West Berlin, West Germany is open, the open borders under the circumstances of the socialist transformation of agriculture will inevitably generate many complex problems to 1963, basically the end of the transitional period, its main signs are: (a) we have realized the transformation of the socialist relations of production of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in connection with the formulation of rural relations of production scheme, described in the first part of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the author think there are several basic factors must be considered: 1, German farmers for centuries as the bourgeoisie, against feudal aristocracy and the dispossession of land put up a stiff fight, the broad masses of peasants to private ownership, especially private land, as the reason for the survival,Social security and individual freedoms of the most reliable foundation for a small private ownership in the majority of the work in the realities of the peasants;2, after about 100 years to the development of capitalism, the agricultural production level was relatively high, which in many regions and many large farmers stronger Sino Agro Enterprise;3, after the antifascist democratic changes, the rural social structure has undergone great changes, the middle peasants has become the decisive classes, more than half of the agricultural enterprises and 44% of the land and that they are operating;4, at the time of the democratic de edge borders of West Berlin, West Germany is open, the open borders under the circumstances of the socialist transformation of agriculture will inevitably generate many complex problems .
Socialist Unity Party of Germany. In consideration of above factors were determined under the agricultural reform programme, which mainly includes the followings: 1, and shall not apply to the nationalization of the land, farmer co - operatives; the land - for - like and whole companies of the People's Republic of China in the form of each of the members may be retained for a period of 0.5 - hectare farm plots 2 , , .
cooperatives set up various types of the first type is land, and livestock still by the individual feeding members,40% of the net proceeds of the stake cooperatives according to the amount of land allocated cooperatives set up various types of the first type is land, and livestock still by the individual feeding members,40% of the net proceeds of the stake cooperatives according to the amount of land allocated . second type with a first type of roughly the same, but the land bonus accounting for 30% second type with a first type of roughly the same, but the land bonus accounting for 30% .
third type for land and livestock by the joint venture (cooperation) and with the exception of plots of land for livestock, 20 percent of the earnings - related land allocation third type for land and livestock by the joint venture (cooperation) and with the exception of plots of land for livestock, 20 percent of the earnings - related land allocation . stake amount 3, stressed the voluntary principle, and to refrain from mandatory means stake amount 3, stressed the voluntary principle, and to refrain from mandatory means .
4, according to the situation is ripe for the progressive introduction of 4, according to the situation is ripe for the progressive introduction of . statistics, at the 1962 state farm the land worked by the country's agricultural land of 6. 4%, the land worked by cooperatives accounted for 56. 5%
,Agricultural production relations basically completed the socialist transformation of the ,Agricultural production relations basically completed the socialist transformation of the . (2) on the city's private industry and commerce has ownership of the reconstruction of Germany Socialist Democracy in the unified consideration within each party and the masses of recommendations that identified the following principles and the reconstruction of the form: (1) based on the state purchases of stakes in the form of private industrial enterprises have gradually made the transition to a socialist enterprise, society, to make the transition to the worker at (2) on the city's private industry and commerce has ownership of the reconstruction of Germany Socialist Democracy in the unified consideration within each party and the masses of recommendations that identified the following principles and the reconstruction of the form: (1) based on the state purchases of stakes in the form of private industrial enterprises have gradually made the transition to a socialist enterprise, society, to make the transition to the worker at .
countries through equity participation in profits and affect the enterprise production and management, to expand those business enterprises and the cooperation and division of countries through equity participation in profits and affect the enterprise production and management, to expand those business enterprises and the cooperation and division of . as a rule, the State, the profits it receives as its share in the distinction between the State, which put the shares gradually increased 2 as a rule, the State, the profits it receives as its share in the distinction between the State, which put the shares gradually increased 2 .
,By establishing co - operatives, the craftsmen obtained private enterprise development and strengthen the construction of ,By establishing co - operatives, the craftsmen obtained private enterprise development and strengthen the construction of . strictly voluntary strictly voluntary .
3, by contract to private enterprises with State - owned retail cooperatives or wholesale trade enterprises to establish a camp so as gradually to private retail businesses into the Socialist orbit 3, by contract to private enterprises with State - owned retail cooperatives or wholesale trade enterprises to establish a camp so as gradually to private retail businesses into the Socialist orbit . (3) to establish the necessary of the social material wealth and technology (4) State regime have been further developed. (5), the socialist cultural revolution, further improving the people's cultural level
Construction Of The Developed Socialism Transitional Period
Area of land during the period of socialist construction start Area of land during the period of socialist construction start . across six, seven major discussions and practical exploration of this period, the 1971 Socialist Unity Party of Germany's Group of Eight finalized the period's total goals, major tasks and achieving the main tasks of the road across six, seven major discussions and practical exploration of this period, the 1971 Socialist Unity Party of Germany's Group of Eight finalized the period's total goals, major tasks and achieving the main tasks of the road .
policies and at the same time, some theoretical issues also provided an answer to policies and at the same time, some theoretical issues also provided an answer to . (1) with respect to the total target to the beginning of the 1960s, the transition of the task in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) have been completed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from (1) with respect to the total target to the beginning of the 1960s, the transition of the task in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) have been completed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from .
has entered a new stage of development in this period, the total of the has entered a new stage of development in this period, the total of the . being the establishment of the Developed Socialism,and then gradually transition to communism to create the basic prerequisites for being the establishment of the Developed Socialism,and then gradually transition to communism to create the basic prerequisites for .
developed the establishment of the socialist society is a long period of historical development developed the establishment of the socialist society is a long period of historical development . in this period, the driving force of all the advantages of socialism and will play more in this period, the driving force of all the advantages of socialism and will play more .
(b) as regards the general line of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany is of the view that the meaning of socialism is everything for the welfare of his people, the party of Marxism and Leninism of activities also is this socialism meaning struggle (b) as regards the general line of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany is of the view that the meaning of socialism is everything for the welfare of his people, the party of Marxism and Leninism of activities also is this socialism meaning struggle . nature. Thus the construction of the socialist period, the general line of the party is" all for the happiness of the people in "
Honecker in Party of Eight said in a report:"throughout our entire policy of the party is for the welfare of his people, working class and other workers in the interests of all his efforts Honecker in Party of Eight said in a report:"throughout our entire policy of the party is for the welfare of his people, working class and other workers in the interests of all his efforts . This is the meaning of socialism, we are working and fighting This is the meaning of socialism, we are working and fighting .
" (three) with respect to the main tasks of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany is of the view that the socialist relations of production with the victory and the material and technical conditions of culture and development, the GDR already has such conditions, the possibility and necessity, more direct and effective way to meet people's material and cultural needs " (three) with respect to the main tasks of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany is of the view that the socialist relations of production with the victory and the material and technical conditions of culture and development, the GDR already has such conditions, the possibility and necessity, more direct and effective way to meet people's material and cultural needs . Congress determined that it is known as a 'main task is to "speed the development of socialist production, the interests of efficiency,Science and technology and improve labor productivity, enhance the peoples material and cultural well - being " Congress determined that it is known as a 'main task is to "speed the development of socialist production, the interests of efficiency,Science and technology and improve labor productivity, enhance the peoples material and cultural well - being ".
(4) for the realization of the main tasks of the road the eighth congress proposed Social Unity Party of Germany, the intensive production is to complete its primary tasks of the main road to realize production intensivism (4) for the realization of the main tasks of the road the eighth congress proposed Social Unity Party of Germany, the intensive production is to complete its primary tasks of the main road to realize production intensivism . means that changed the game for the national economic structure, further development of the socialist relations of production and work on the plan and management means that changed the game for the national economic structure, further development of the socialist relations of production and work on the plan and management .
Likud Party to ten further defined the 1980s socio - economic development strategy, its core problem is the development of intensive political and socialist reproduction Likud Party to ten further defined the 1980s socio - economic development strategy, its core problem is the development of intensive political and socialist reproduction . to the developing stage,German Democratic Republic (GDR) political economy which also generally fell into three stages, each stage of the political and economic systems have obvious differences in to the developing stage,German Democratic Republic (GDR) political economy which also generally fell into three stages, each stage of the political and economic systems have obvious differences in .
antifascist democratic revolution period (1945 - 1952), political and economic system that has a more decentralized system component, and using some of the weimar republic in the form of democratic management;In the transition to a socialist era (1952 - 1963), economy, political centralization, formed highly centralized management system;In the period of socialist construction (1963), and after the start of the political and economic reform and socialist democratic development further, there is an increase in the amount of the decentralization component antifascist democratic revolution period (1945 - 1952), political and economic system that has a more decentralized system component, and using some of the weimar republic in the form of democratic management;In the transition to a socialist era (1952 - 1963), economy, political centralization, formed highly centralized management system;In the period of socialist construction (1963), and after the start of the political and economic reform and socialist democratic development further, there is an increase in the amount of the decentralization component .
Political System
Antifascist - Democratic Political Economy
(a) The period's regime, its class nature, that it is not a dictatorship of the proletariat, but rather as a working class and other working - class and the nonworking class (and the big bourgeoisie and the big landlord class, with the exception of the ruling coalition the regime (a) The period's regime, its class nature, that it is not a dictatorship of the proletariat, but rather as a working class and other working - class and the nonworking class (and the big bourgeoisie and the big landlord class, with the exception of the ruling coalition the regime . 'regime is concerned, it is a parliamentary, democratic republic, the Republic's highest authority is the popularly elected Volkskammer 'regime is concerned, it is a parliamentary, democratic republic, the Republic's highest authority is the popularly elected Volkskammer .
in such a state system, government, the political system was to have the following main characteristics: 1, were made by the representatives of democratic institutions according to the general principle is established, and to implement the proportional electoral law, parliamentary parties according to seats of votes that is allocated at the in such a state system, government, the political system was to have the following main characteristics: 1, were made by the representatives of democratic institutions according to the general principle is established, and to implement the proportional electoral law, parliamentary parties according to seats of votes that is allocated at the . 2,local authorities (mainly at the state level) have greater powers and 2,local authorities (mainly at the state level) have greater powers and .
3, according to the coalition government and institution - building, 3, according to the coalition government and institution - building, . 4, emphasize the role of the citizen voting 4, emphasize the role of the citizen voting .
(2) of this period economy relatively loose management system, market mechanism is still a greater role for the (2) of this period economy relatively loose management system, market mechanism is still a greater role for the . First of all, in terms of ownership structure, it is one of the private economy and public economy from the coexistence of "Mixed Economy" First of all, in terms of ownership structure, it is one of the private economy and public economy from the coexistence of "Mixed Economy" .
in this ownership structure, the national authority for the management of the economy is limited, management is the main economic policy and taxation in this ownership structure, the national authority for the management of the economy is limited, management is the main economic policy and taxation Secondly, in respect of the whole of the economy, was not yet planned mainly to the planned economic system,between enterprises of the economic relationship is formed along the historical development of the relationship between the 
The Political And Economic System Transition
(a) of this period the nature of the regime: one was converted to the dictatorship of the proletariat in the socialism country (a) of this period the nature of the regime: one was converted to the dictatorship of the proletariat in the socialism country . in 1968 by the constitution from the second, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) "is an urban and rural workers in the working class and their Marxist - Leninist party, under the leadership of the common socialist political organization" with the establishment and development of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and this is a time of political management system and strengthening the centralization of state power by in 1968 by the constitution from the second, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) "is an urban and rural workers in the working class and their Marxist - Leninist party, under the leadership of the common socialist political organization" with the establishment and development of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and this is a time of political management system and strengthening the centralization of state power by .
There are below some of the changes and characteristic: 1) and 2 (b), the working - class socialist society as its leadership class, working - class party of Marxism and Leninism, as German Socialist Party is the ruling party.It has overall responsibility for national and social development of 2, cancels the league system, instead of all the political forces of the joint 3 2, cancels the league system, instead of all the political forces of the joint 3 .
, further weakening local powers, centralism shall be practiced , further weakening local powers, centralism shall be practiced . (2) in this period of economic system shows fundamental change (2) in this period of economic system shows fundamental change .
With the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production, ownership component increasingly expand and is becoming the country's economy is dominated by With the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production, ownership component increasingly expand and is becoming the country's economy is dominated by . 1964 through a second part of the Constitution with regard to the basic economic system is:GDR's economy is built on a contradiction of the socialist ownership on the basis of the socialist planned economy 1964 through a second part of the Constitution with regard to the basic economic system is:GDR's economy is built on a contradiction of the socialist ownership on the basis of the socialist planned economy .
in such a basic economic system, economic system towards centralization and bureaucratization, and formed a set dominated by the highly centralized planned economic system, gradually degenerate and distort the market, price leverage such loss adjustment, administrative adjustment means instead of the regulation measure.
During The Period Of Socialist Construction Of Political And Economic Systems
(a) according to the relevant document to explain the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the beginning of the nature of the regime, although still belongs to the dictatorship of the proletariat, but it has entered a new stage of development, the whole process of national transition (a) according to the relevant document to explain the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the beginning of the nature of the regime, although still belongs to the dictatorship of the proletariat, but it has entered a new stage of development, the whole process of national transition . on the one hand, and of the exploiting classes have been abolished, the political power in the objective on behalf of all the people of the benefits, the State is no longer the instrument of class ruling, but the regime's main tool to realize on the one hand, and of the exploiting classes have been abolished, the political power in the objective on behalf of all the people of the benefits, the State is no longer the instrument of class ruling, but the regime's main tool to realize .
on the other hand, the advanced socialism and has yet to be established, the society also is not a classless society, and make it by some classes, these classes continue to exist between the difference,the bourgeois and petty - bourgeois ideology and behavior of its repercussions on the other hand, the advanced socialism and has yet to be established, the society also is not a classless society, and make it by some classes, these classes continue to exist between the difference,the bourgeois and petty - bourgeois ideology and behavior of its repercussions . in this case, this period of state functions and compared to the previous period there have been important changes, economic organizations and cultivation of awareness of the role of in - depth and breadth is reinforced and the repression of the overthrow of the exploiting classes of functions gradually lose its weight, gradually into a wider to safeguard the socialist system, both at home and abroad against the anti - socialist activities of in this case, this period of state functions and compared to the previous period there have been important changes, economic organizations and cultivation of awareness of the role of in - depth and breadth is reinforced and the repression of the overthrow of the exploiting classes of functions gradually lose its weight, gradually into a wider to safeguard the socialist system, both at home and abroad against the anti - socialist activities of .
function with that of the previous period, this period of the political system has the following major changes: (1) is adjusted to a certain degree the relationship between the Party's leadership is basically embodied in political leadership,State party on general affairs and are no longer operational interference;2, representative of the local agencies and local governments should be expanded;3, mass organizations, especially the trade unions, in national affairs enhanced role and status;4, national administrative agencies and administrative hierarchy imposed streamlined function with that of the previous period, this period of the political system has the following major changes: (1) is adjusted to a certain degree the relationship between the Party's leadership is basically embodied in political leadership,State party on general affairs and are no longer operational interference;2, representative of the local agencies and local governments should be expanded;3, mass organizations, especially the trade unions, in national affairs enhanced role and status;4, national administrative agencies and administrative hierarchy imposed streamlined . (2) The period of exclusion is the economic system reform of state and corporate relationship with a major adjustment in the (2) The period of exclusion is the economic system reform of state and corporate relationship with a major adjustment in the .
in the last stage, as the transitional period of development, the centralization of the planned economic system gradually in the last stage, as the transitional period of development, the centralization of the planned economic system gradually . but, as the economic recovery period to the end of the national economy and epi - type development factors are becoming gradually exhausted, the highly centralized system of economic management, is included to show its abuses, our national income grow significantly decreased but, as the economic recovery period to the end of the national economy and epi - type development factors are becoming gradually exhausted, the highly centralized system of economic management, is included to show its abuses, our national income grow significantly decreased .
in this case, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) leaders argue that the traditional system of economic management, outdated,It impedes economic management to achieve the necessary level of science, is also an obstacle to the development of the full in this case, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) leaders argue that the traditional system of economic management, outdated,It impedes economic management to achieve the necessary level of science, is also an obstacle to the development of the full . 1963 on 25 June, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government has made implementing economic reforms, announced a "national economic planning and management of the new economic guidelines for the" 1963 on 25 June, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government has made implementing economic reforms, announced a "national economic planning and management of the new economic guidelines for the" .
"new economy" is the main content of the reform, expand enterprise autonomy and local, national and local companies are no longer specified production details, issued only a small amount of the index value, which is the most important indicators of the profit, the introduction of full economic accounting in the enterprises, self - financing a "new economy" to a certain extent in mobilizing the initiative of the enterprises, "new economy" is the main content of the reform, expand enterprise autonomy and local, national and local companies are no longer specified production details, issued only a small amount of the index value, which is the most important indicators of the profit, the introduction of full economic accounting in the enterprises, self - financing a "new economy" to a certain extent in mobilizing the initiative of the enterprises,. 20, in terms of economic development in the late 1960s, with those in the previous period, annual growth in national income by 3 percent to 5. 2%
however, the "new economy" is a serious imbalance in economic structure, imperfect system of levers, with the case of however, the "new economy" is a serious imbalance in economic structure, imperfect system of levers, with the case of . enterprise autonomy after enlargement, many businesses utilize costing, pricing, and economic life of all kinds of loopholes, by increasing the material consumption, to reduce low - margin products or varieties for the production, as well as in quality, specifications etc. in which the fictitious profits into
this appeared not much actual economic benefit is improved, and the like variety reduction phenomenon,especially now that the financial funds (monetary) fund and material goods (supply) system, and raw materials, transportation and construction industry development lags behind the development of processing industries, so that the sectors of the economy and the unbalanced phenomenon more and more prominent, seriously affected the development of the whole national economy this appeared not much actual economic benefit is improved, and the like variety reduction phenomenon,especially now that the financial funds (monetary) fund and material goods (supply) system, and raw materials, transportation and construction industry development lags behind the development of processing industries, so that the sectors of the economy and the unbalanced phenomenon more and more prominent, seriously affected the development of the whole national economy . in this case, plus domestic political factors, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the late 1960s and 1970s junior broke the "new economy", and announced a series of decrees and regulations, the enterprise and the local part of the right to re - reverted central in this case, plus domestic political factors, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the late 1960s and 1970s junior broke the "new economy", and announced a series of decrees and regulations, the enterprise and the local part of the right to re - reverted central .
through the twists and turns,German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the seventies of the 20th century, since the second half, are taken to guarantee macroscopic equilibrium, slowly, gradually enabling joint ventures and the affiliated enterprises become fully implement economic accounting system, the manufacturing of relatively independent economic entities through the twists and turns,German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the seventies of the 20th century, since the second half, are taken to guarantee macroscopic equilibrium, slowly, gradually enabling joint ventures and the affiliated enterprises become fully implement economic accounting system, the manufacturing of relatively independent economic entities . group compatible with the old, adjusting the institutional reformation and perfect, so as to gradually form the combined enterprises as the mainstay of economic management, group compatible with the old, adjusting the institutional reformation and perfect, so as to gradually form the combined enterprises as the mainstay of economic management, .
2 2.
East And West Berlin Problem
In 1945, after the capitulation of Nazi Germany, according to World War II when the allies of the relevant agreements, Berlin is the Russia And France partition occupation, the Soviet - occupied East Berlin as the Berlin Wall, Britain is a common occupation in 1948 In 1945, after the capitulation of Nazi Germany, according to World War II when the allies of the relevant agreements, Berlin is the Russia And France partition occupation, the Soviet - occupied East Berlin as the Berlin Wall, Britain is a common occupation in 1948 ., , .
East and West Berlin officially split in June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet blockade of West Berlin from both water and land, East and West Berlin officially split in June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet blockade of West Berlin from both water and land, . after the embargo was lifted in 1949, the founding of the GDR, East Berlin and West Berlin became its capital after the embargo was lifted in 1949, the founding of the GDR, East Berlin and West Berlin became its capital .
but actually remain before the US - British - French co - control, although the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin to West Berlin is an affiliate of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany states, however,In the belief that the West Berlin with the provisions of the reality of that status, which announced a temporary suspension of the effectuation, but felt that the FRG and West Berlin on and has a "special relationship", agrees to West Berlin in the judicial, economic, fiscal, monetary and social Integration einer Zusammenarbeit der Tongji medizinischen but actually remain before the US - British - French co - control, although the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin to West Berlin is an affiliate of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany states, however,In the belief that the West Berlin with the provisions of the reality of that status, which announced a temporary suspension of the effectuation, but felt that the FRG and West Berlin on and has a "special relationship", agrees to West Berlin in the judicial, economic, fiscal, monetary and social Integration einer Zusammenarbeit der Tongji medizinischen . in 1961, as GDR citizens fled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government in the East Berlin side - then known as the Berlin Wall, formally known as the "anti - fascist democratic wall" in 1961, as GDR citizens fled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government in the East Berlin side - then known as the Berlin Wall, formally known as the "anti - fascist democratic wall" .
until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany .
Two Of The German Unification
In August 1989, the Hungarian government reform to break Europe's two 44 - year - old "Iron Curtain";In the same year in September, more than 1,300 Germans through Hungary to enter the territory of the FRG In August 1989, the Hungarian government reform to break Europe's two 44 - year - old "Iron Curtain";In the same year in September, more than 1,300 Germans through Hungary to enter the territory of the FRG ., meanwhile, demands for democratic reforms in the mass protests in many cities at the outbreak of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) , meanwhile, demands for democratic reforms in the mass protests in many cities at the outbreak of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) .
although in order to secure his rule, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in October of that year was carried out in the current flare - up of the National Day parade, but Berlin is still erupted three times all for political reform in the mass demonstrations although in order to secure his rule, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in October of that year was carried out in the current flare - up of the National Day parade, but Berlin is still erupted three times all for political reform in the mass demonstrations . thereafter in order to quell the demonstrations, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany was deposed Honecker from the party leadership in the post thereafter in order to quell the demonstrations, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany was deposed Honecker from the party leadership in the post .
9 November of that year, the fall of the Berlin Wall 9 November of that year, the fall of the Berlin Wall . follow days,a large number of East Germans into West Germany through the Berlin Wall easily follow days,a large number of East Germans into West Germany through the Berlin Wall easily .
within the territory of the People's Republic of China on 1 December, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the People's Assembly repealed the constitutional unification of Germany social leadership position, two days later, General Secretary of the Socialist Party, the People's Assembly, the Central Committee resigned within the territory of the People's Republic of China on 1 December, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and the People's Assembly repealed the constitutional unification of Germany social leadership position, two days later, General Secretary of the Socialist Party, the People's Assembly, the Central Committee resigned . although many East Germans wanted to use the territory of a non - socialist countries, but this idea was soon to be the reunification of Germany the babel of voices drowned by although many East Germans wanted to use the territory of a non - socialist countries, but this idea was soon to be the reunification of Germany the babel of voices drowned by .
with USA, USSR, France and Britain after a brief consultation, the reunification of the recognised with USA, USSR, France and Britain after a brief consultation, the reunification of the recognised . on 3 October 1990, the GDR to the FRG as part of the identity of the membership of the Community,Two formal unification on 3 October 1990, the GDR to the FRG as part of the identity of the membership of the Community,Two formal unification .
External Contacts
At the beginning of the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Soviet Union has yet to announce the end of the war against Germany ended At the beginning of the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Soviet Union has yet to announce the end of the war against Germany ended . state. Thus, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in terms of diplomacy has not been granted a right to independence, the range of activity operators, is attached to the Soviet Union and Soviet - led Warsaw Pact and
20 until the 1960s, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has been placed in the center of the diplomacy of peace and democracy on the basis of realizing the reunification of Germany, opposed the rearmament of the FRG and the Western Group, to work towards the early conclusion of allies against Germany and about the issue, only with the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of eastern Europe, China, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the 20 until the 1960s, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has been placed in the center of the diplomacy of peace and democracy on the basis of realizing the reunification of Germany, opposed the rearmament of the FRG and the Western Group, to work towards the early conclusion of allies against Germany and about the issue, only with the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of eastern Europe, China, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the . In the early 1960s, USSR"frozen" by the Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic (GDR) had to change with regard to the reunification of Germany's position, while the adjustment direction of diplomacy seeks primarily to the Federal Republic of Germany and the Western powers as a matter of international law on the sovereignty of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) recognized the significance of goals for In the early 1960s, USSR"frozen" by the Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic (GDR) had to change with regard to the reunification of Germany's position, while the adjustment direction of diplomacy seeks primarily to the Federal Republic of Germany and the Western powers as a matter of international law on the sovereignty of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) recognized the significance of goals for .
With Brandt in place, the German government began to gradually abandon the "Hallstein Doctrine", in turn, carrying out "Ostpolitik", the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in Honecker came to power after also starts to develop between the government and With Brandt in place, the German government began to gradually abandon the "Hallstein Doctrine", in turn, carrying out "Ostpolitik", the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in Honecker came to power after also starts to develop between the government and . in December 1972, the GDR and the FRG signed a "framework treaties", two German relations returned to normal;In February 1973, the UK being the first to recognize the German Democratic Republic (GDR), therewith to establish formal ties in December 1972, the GDR and the FRG signed a "framework treaties", two German relations returned to normal;In February 1973, the UK being the first to recognize the German Democratic Republic (GDR), therewith to establish formal ties .
9 months, the GDR and FRG 9 months, the GDR and FRG . joined as a member of the United Nations in September 1974, the GDR and the US established diplomatic relations until joined as a member of the United Nations in September 1974, the GDR and the US established diplomatic relations until .
before the reunification of Germany, German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the world with a total of 133 countries in the establishment of diplomatic relations, most countries in the world recognized the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is an independent, sovereign State before the reunification of Germany, German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the world with a total of 133 countries in the establishment of diplomatic relations, most countries in the world recognized the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is an independent, sovereign State . well into the 1980s, especially the Gorbachev perestroika brought in 1955, as Soviet relations with socialist countries one of the most intimate,GDR leader Erich Honecker in 1986 the external policy of the new target with new guidelines, namely: World peace, arms limitation and disarmament, and to refrain from all acts of war, to prevent the militarization of space, the elimination of nuclear weapons, through cooperation between States to overcoming the confrontation, and strengthen the efforts of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries of the Union, efforts with the capitalist country peaceful coexistence of the well into the 1980s, especially the Gorbachev perestroika brought in 1955, as Soviet relations with socialist countries one of the most intimate,GDR leader Erich Honecker in 1986 the external policy of the new target with new guidelines, namely: World peace, arms limitation and disarmament, and to refrain from all acts of war, to prevent the militarization of space, the elimination of nuclear weapons, through cooperation between States to overcoming the confrontation, and strengthen the efforts of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries of the Union, efforts with the capitalist country peaceful coexistence of the .
undeniable, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has been locked in a diplomatic influence of the Soviet Union, "Honecker era" of the GDR even than "Ulbricht era" is far more dependent on Soviet undeniable, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has been locked in a diplomatic influence of the Soviet Union, "Honecker era" of the GDR even than "Ulbricht era" is far more dependent on Soviet . can say,GDR's diplomacy in the 20th century before the mid - 1980s has been the subject of Soviet command and control can say,GDR's diplomacy in the 20th century before the mid - 1980s has been the subject of Soviet command and control .
compared to that of the Federal Republic of Germany, such that more of the reaction is passive, while the long - term dependence on Su also resulted in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government's lack of ability to react to the crisis, which ultimately leads to the "Eastern Europe" swells that hit "Surrender" compared to that of the Federal Republic of Germany, such that more of the reaction is passive, while the long - term dependence on Su also resulted in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government's lack of ability to react to the crisis, which ultimately leads to the "Eastern Europe" swells that hit "Surrender" . relationship with China in 1949, on 27 October, the two countries established diplomatic relations in December 1955 relationship with China in 1949, on 27 October, the two countries established diplomatic relations in December 1955 .
GDR Friendship GDR Friendship . was signed by China and the whole 1950s relations have great development,Both men sent delegations exchange visits by was signed by China and the whole 1950s relations have great development,Both men sent delegations exchange visits by .
Chinese leaders Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu and the like have been flown to the German Democratic Republic (GDR);Ulbricht, Grotte was William Peake and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) leaders also visited China Chinese leaders Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu and the like have been flown to the German Democratic Republic (GDR);Ulbricht, Grotte was William Peake and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) leaders also visited China . 1960s ties on alienation;Since the eighties of the 20th century, relations between the two countries gradually resume and develop 1960s ties on alienation;Since the eighties of the 20th century, relations between the two countries gradually resume and develop .
October 1986 and the reunification of Germany the society of the Central Committee of the General Secretary of the Council of State Chairman Erich Honecker paid an official goodwill visit to China;June 1987, the head of the government of Premier Zhao Ziyang visited the German Democratic Republic (GDR), so as to realize the normalization of relations between October 1986 and the reunification of Germany the society of the Central Committee of the General Secretary of the Council of State Chairman Erich Honecker paid an official goodwill visit to China;June 1987, the head of the government of Premier Zhao Ziyang visited the German Democratic Republic (GDR), so as to realize the normalization of relations between . September 1989 the German Socialist Party and a member of the Politburo, secretary of the Central, Vice - President of the Council of State Egon Krenz visited China in October, Vice - Premier Yao Yilin - member Chinese delegation attended the GDR's 40th anniversary of National Day September 1989 the German Socialist Party and a member of the Politburo, secretary of the Central, Vice - President of the Council of State Egon Krenz visited China in October, Vice - Premier Yao Yilin - member Chinese delegation attended the GDR's 40th anniversary of National Day .
the same time, the two countries economic and trade relations also exist for the further development of the same time, the two countries economic and trade relations also exist for the further development of . 1988 two - state solution amounted to 10 billion Swiss francs in 1987, an increase of 9. 2%;1989 to 10.9 billion Swiss francs, compared to 1988 and a further 9% 
Culture And Art
Broadcasting And Television
Radio der DDR (GDR) are from 1952 to 1990 the GDR's official radio station of radio exterior is Radio der DDR (GDR) are from 1952 to 1990 the GDR's official radio station of radio exterior is . GDR official Berlin Radio Berlin International (CRI) GDR official Berlin Radio Berlin International (CRI) .
GDR state television Deutscher is a German television (DFF), commonly referred to as the "der DDR (GDR Television, DDR - FS), established in 1952.There are two channels: the DFF1 and DFF2 station
Sports
GDR's sports development, at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the Canadian delegation for the Olympic Games for the first time the German Democratic Republic (GDR) alone, in the previous three Olympics,FRG and the GDR are participating in the joint organization of GDR's sports development, at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the Canadian delegation for the Olympic Games for the first time the German Democratic Republic (GDR) alone, in the previous three Olympics,FRG and the GDR are participating in the joint organization of . number medals - silver medal number the number of medals won a bronze medal in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics 51972 9 9 7 25 23 20 23 was modelled after the Montreal Olympics in 319,761,900 66 40 25 25 90 Since 1980 Moscow Olympic Games 47 42 37 126 21984 Los Angeles Olympic Games in Seoul 1988 Olympics (Seoul) 35 102 37 30 2 number medals - silver medal number the number of medals won a bronze medal in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics 51972 9 9 7 25 23 20 23 was modelled after the Montreal Olympics in 319,761,900 66 40 25 25 90 Since 1980 Moscow Olympic Games 47 42 37 126 21984 Los Angeles Olympic Games in Seoul 1988 Olympics (Seoul) 35 102 37 30 2.
Career Education
the development of educational undertakings in the GDR has experienced three development stages: first, from the end of the Second World War to the founding of the People's Republic of China period, it is the clear influence of the pernicious influence of fascist and democratic reforms, establish democratic school the development of educational undertakings in the GDR has experienced three development stages: first, from the end of the Second World War to the founding of the People's Republic of China period, it is the clear influence of the pernicious influence of fascist and democratic reforms, establish democratic school . stage of this phase, work will focus on teachers in the cleaning of the Nazi and the militarist and reform the teachers, establish the unified educational system, promoting rural educational reform and the abolition of the (single shift schools, schools and the establishment of joint centres and schools, etc.)
in 1946 and the imposition of a "German school law democratization" in 1946 and the imposition of a "German school law democratization" . The legal affirmation of the principle of non - religious schools and the nationalization of the principle of The legal affirmation of the principle of non - religious schools and the nationalization of the principle of .
according to these principles,prohibition of private schools, the implementation of public education, school and church are strictly separated according to these principles,prohibition of private schools, the implementation of public education, school and church are strictly separated . for the purpose of which is established on the basis of national unity and secularism of educational system, including: open to all children of 8 years of elementary school, the college granted admission qualification of 4 years, 2 ~ 3 years of vocational training for the purpose of which is established on the basis of national unity and secularism of educational system, including: open to all children of 8 years of elementary school, the college granted admission qualification of 4 years, 2 ~ 3 years of vocational training .
The law further established evening schools, folk high schools and other education organizations The law further established evening schools, folk high schools and other education organizations . II, in October 1949 to January 1963, is the education of socialist transformation and transition to a socialist stage II, in October 1949 to January 1963, is the education of socialist transformation and transition to a socialist stage .
this stage, the exception of the continuation of the democratic reform of the school,start of school education modeled on the Soviet Union were the cause of socialist construction of this stage, the exception of the continuation of the democratic reform of the school,start of school education modeled on the Soviet Union were the cause of socialist construction of . 1959 on Dec. 2, the publication in the school career of development of the socialist legal "
which stipulates that a reform of general education, technical education and the comprehensive implementation of the 10 - year comprehensive technical secondary schools, emphasizing education combined with production labor which stipulates that a reform of general education, technical education and the comprehensive implementation of the 10 - year comprehensive technical secondary schools, emphasizing education combined with production labor . The law further before 1964 and had a 10 - year general education secondary schools will be implemented as a comprehensive technology and the popularization of compulsory education of school,instead of the then eight - year foundation school in 1950 and developed since the end of 10 years The law further before 1964 and had a 10 - year general education secondary schools will be implemented as a comprehensive technology and the popularization of compulsory education of school,instead of the then eight - year foundation school in 1950 and developed since the end of 10 years .
original 4 years of general education was expanding the comprehensive technical secondary schools (including the natural sciences, modern languages school, middle school ancient language), still with the eighth grade, and its graduates can obtain university entrance qualification original 4 years of general education was expanding the comprehensive technical secondary schools (including the natural sciences, modern languages school, middle school ancient language), still with the eighth grade, and its graduates can obtain university entrance qualification . III in January 1963 at the sixth congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, declared a state of all - round socialist construction time III in January 1963 at the sixth congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, declared a state of all - round socialist construction time .
on education, put forward to the unification of the socialist education system for the further development of the target of cultivation, emphasis is to be "comprehensive, harmonious development of the socialist personality"talent, in order to meet the construction requirements on education, put forward to the unification of the socialist education system for the further development of the target of cultivation, emphasis is to be "comprehensive, harmonious development of the socialist personality"talent, in order to meet the construction requirements . in this new situation, further describes the structure and the reform of schooling for girls and boys to all levels of education and training content to in this new situation, further describes the structure and the reform of schooling for girls and boys to all levels of education and training content to .
cohesion of eight - year basic school expanded to a 4 - year secondary school into directly in a 10 - year comprehensive secondary school based on the technique extension of 2 years in secondary cohesion of eight - year basic school expanded to a 4 - year secondary school into directly in a 10 - year comprehensive secondary school based on the technique extension of 2 years in secondary . in vocational training, paying attention to vocational training, the gradual introduction of fundamental and basic vocational training,to bring up the rapid development of science and technology of adaptability to changes in height in vocational training, paying attention to vocational training, the gradual introduction of fundamental and basic vocational training,to bring up the rapid development of science and technology of adaptability to changes in height .
adopt with the latest science and adapt training content and effective training structures like adopt with the latest science and adapt training content and effective training structures like . 1965 2 Apr. 25, "on the approximation of the laws of socialist education system"
The laws further specify from preschool to adult education until the educational authorities at all levels of the tasks and functions, and connecting them to each other, in the area of education policy and socio - economic development of the total link The laws further specify from preschool to adult education until the educational authorities at all levels of the tasks and functions, and connecting them to each other, in the area of education policy and socio - economic development of the total link . in June 1971, the eighth congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany decided to run a "in the high - speed development of the socialist production, increase efficiency,scientific and technological progress and improved productivity, enhance the peoples material and cultural well - being ", and in that regard to the educational and teaching work further with the reform and adjustment of in June 1971, the eighth congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany decided to run a "in the high - speed development of the socialist production, increase efficiency,scientific and technological progress and improved productivity, enhance the peoples material and cultural well - being ", and in that regard to the educational and teaching work further with the reform and adjustment of .
Educational Administration
GDR, most of the major education legislation is based on the existing relevant provisions of the Constitution, "on the approximation of the laws of socialist education system" and the 1974 published Apr. 28, the "Youth Act" Social Unity Party of Germany Central Committee or the Politburo and the resolution of the corresponding instruction is formulated on the basis of these provisions at the same time Social Unity Party of Germany Central Committee or the Politburo and the resolution of the corresponding instruction is formulated on the basis of these provisions at the same time .
is the unification of the GDR Council of Ministers of the socialist education system with the highest national planning authority and the authority of the Ministry of Justice and German by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in charge of the unified social is the unification of the GDR Council of Ministers of the socialist education system with the highest national planning authority and the authority of the Ministry of Justice and German by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in charge of the unified social . part causes the educational career of the political leadership and supervise the management and leadership systems part causes the educational career of the political leadership and supervise the management and leadership systems .
: the central, prefectural and county level 3 : the central, prefectural and county level 3 . in the center,education of practical management mainly belong to the following competent authority: Ministry of Education (responsible for kindergartens, general education, special education, teacher training, the public institutions of higher learning);The Ministry of Education and Higher Education Specialty;The vocational education in the country of the Secretariat of the in the center,education of practical management mainly belong to the following competent authority: Ministry of Education (responsible for kindergartens, general education, special education, teacher training, the public institutions of higher learning);The Ministry of Education and Higher Education Specialty;The vocational education in the country of the Secretariat of the .
In addition, the Youth of the Department of Administration which is responsible for implementing the national youth policy of the Ministry of Health Management In addition, the Youth of the Department of Administration which is responsible for implementing the national youth policy of the Ministry of Health Management . .
nursery belongs to some relatively strong professional of colleges and universities and colleges in addition to the higher education and professional management of the Ministry of Education, at the same time, the relevant portions of the leader (such as the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Defence and the like) nursery belongs to some relatively strong professional of colleges and universities and colleges in addition to the higher education and professional management of the Ministry of Education, at the same time, the relevant portions of the leader (such as the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Defence and the like) . In vocational education, the corresponding production principle according to the Ministry of Industry, and National Vocational Education Secretariat share in the planning and implementation oversight functions In vocational education, the corresponding production principle according to the Ministry of Industry, and National Vocational Education Secretariat share in the planning and implementation oversight functions .
's principal, appointed by the state, is in charge of the political, educational and organizational aspects of school leadership 's principal, appointed by the state, is in charge of the political, educational and organizational aspects of school leadership . schools shall establish a board of education, by teachers, parents, Chairman of the Committee,full of young pioneers' organizations and is a member of the brigade counselors and school - linked care enterprise schools shall establish a board of education, by teachers, parents, Chairman of the Committee,full of young pioneers' organizations and is a member of the brigade counselors and school - linked care enterprise .
Committee composed of representatives of the parents and the parents of the class of the Working Group, within the limits prescribed by law, to participate in school life Committee composed of representatives of the parents and the parents of the class of the Working Group, within the limits prescribed by law, to participate in school life .
Length Of Schooling
GDR free education GDR free education . statutory school age is 6 years old from statutory school age is 6 years old from .
nursery until the adult education of all levels of education, are all uniform socialist education movement among the components of a voluntary preschool nursery until the adult education of all levels of education, are all uniform socialist education movement among the components of a voluntary preschool . .
5 months to 3 years old of children of nursery;3 ~ 6 years old of children into the kindergarten 5 months to 3 years old of children of nursery;3 ~ 6 years old of children into the kindergarten . nurseries and Kindergarten is a state - run nurseries and Kindergarten is a state - run .
1980, about 60 per cent of children under 3 years old in the nursery, 90 per cent of children aged 3 ~ 6 years old entering kindergarten 1980, about 60 per cent of children under 3 years old in the nursery, 90 per cent of children aged 3 ~ 6 years old entering kindergarten . general education had a 10 - year comprehensive secondary school education technical schools of compulsory education, national education is the core of the system of general education had a 10 - year comprehensive secondary school education technical schools of compulsory education, national education is the core of the system of .
it is an important sign that the seven to ten - stage comprehensive technical education, and in a variety of disciplines in the implementation of the principle of comprehensive technical education and technical education by it is an important sign that the seven to ten - stage comprehensive technical education, and in a variety of disciplines in the implementation of the principle of comprehensive technical education and technical education by . comprehensive introduction to socialist production, technical drawing and productive labour comprehensive introduction to socialist production, technical drawing and productive labour .
3 consists of nine Class X of productive labor,In reality most of the commercial conditions under 3 consists of nine Class X of productive labor,In reality most of the commercial conditions under . students may be in the productive sectors, under the guidance of professionals, direct implementation of the enterprise production plan, participate in technical innovation and rationalization of the production process of students may be in the productive sectors, under the guidance of professionals, direct implementation of the enterprise production plan, participate in technical innovation and rationalization of the production process of .
10 years compulsory 16 provided in the door, the door 2 electives (sewing and a second foreign language, usually English or French) 10 years compulsory 16 provided in the door, the door 2 electives (sewing and a second foreign language, usually English or French) . each part in junior school English teaching is based: Mathematics, Natural Science, 29. 8%, the socialist productive from the introductory 10. 6%, social sciences, mother tongue literature art 41. 1%, 10. 6%, 7. 9%
expansion of general education secondary schools include the eleventh comprehensive technology,Twelve students from two grades;to obtain university entrance qualification (i.e., a high school diploma) for the purpose of to the college and ensure the qualified talents, first in the eighth grade at the end of the pre - selection, the selected a part of which is to be attached to the nine students into, is the year to expand the pre - junior to the college and ensure the qualified talents, first in the eighth grade at the end of the pre - selection, the selected a part of which is to be attached to the nine students into, is the year to expand the pre - junior .
Students of conventional class teaching in class, in the tenth year in the same manner as when to pass my exams, according to whether the scores to be admitted into secondary Students of conventional class teaching in class, in the tenth year in the same manner as when to pass my exams, according to whether the scores to be admitted into secondary . this pre - primary education, is seen as a transitional measure,With the further improvement of secondary education will be gradually phased out this pre - primary education, is seen as a transitional measure,With the further improvement of secondary education will be gradually phased out .
in secondary general education for governance to deepen and widen the in secondary general education for governance to deepen and widen the . except in the case of a common core, and there is a certain number of optional subjects (5 class hours weekly) and weekly from elective (at 3 hours) except in the case of a common core, and there is a certain number of optional subjects (5 class hours weekly) and weekly from elective (at 3 hours) .
is cultivating students' independence and ability to apply knowledge and skills acquired in school scheme each week; 4 hours of practice activities, a certain number of productive labour (11th grade 3 weeks, 2 weeks) and twelfth grade appropriate Adminis tration is cultivating students' independence and ability to apply knowledge and skills acquired in school scheme each week; 4 hours of practice activities, a certain number of productive labour (11th grade 3 weeks, 2 weeks) and twelfth grade appropriate Adminis tration . Higher Education in 1980, China had 53 colleges and universities where Higher Education in 1980, China had 53 colleges and universities where .
6,18 engineering colleges and universities, the School of Medicine 3, agricultural and forestry colleges and universities by 2, 3 by the economic and legal institutions, the Ecole Normale and sports schools, 10 high - art school by 6,18 engineering colleges and universities, the School of Medicine 3, agricultural and forestry colleges and universities by 2, 3 by the economic and legal institutions, the Ecole Normale and sports schools, 10 high - art school by . 11 in these universities and institutions of higher education after the founding of the new set of 40 by 11 in these universities and institutions of higher education after the founding of the new set of 40 by .
1979 129055 college students nationwide, of whom Going Downhill 14760 1979 129055 college students nationwide, of whom Going Downhill 14760 . since the 1950s, higher education has experienced several reforms such as since the 1950s, higher education has experienced several reforms such as .
: basis of Marxism - Leninism and Russian institutions of higher learning is an important part of the curriculum;All professional used to reflect the latest scientific knowledge of the unity of teaching work;Practicum in Teaching in the stressed position;expanding correspondence teaching, strengthening of institutions of continuing education enrollment capabilities such as : basis of Marxism - Leninism and Russian institutions of higher learning is an important part of the curriculum;All professional used to reflect the latest scientific knowledge of the unity of teaching work;Practicum in Teaching in the stressed position;expanding correspondence teaching, strengthening of institutions of continuing education enrollment capabilities such as . work, follow the unified national plan, a merit - based admissions work, follow the unified national plan, a merit - based admissions .
acquired university entrance qualification pathway are as follows: the first 10 years after graduating from middle school or three years and expanded vocational training in order to obtain a high school diploma;The completion of the vocational training of young workers through public colleges, or universities, colleges and high schools of special courses for engineers to earn certificates in acquired university entrance qualification pathway are as follows: the first 10 years after graduating from middle school or three years and expanded vocational training in order to obtain a high school diploma;The completion of the vocational training of young workers through public colleges, or universities, colleges and high schools of special courses for engineers to earn certificates in . Furthermore, college graduates are, in principle, also the qualifications of institutions of higher learning in the Furthermore, college graduates are, in principle, also the qualifications of institutions of higher learning in the .
started in 1976, against those who have had no vocational training. Applicants whose native language is gradually carried out in advance in the practice of enterprises and institutions of higher learning in the specified university stressed the teaching and scientific research closely combines scientific research to basic scientific research mainly university stressed the teaching and scientific research closely combines scientific research to basic scientific research mainly .
school usually pay great attention to the organization of student scientific school usually pay great attention to the organization of student scientific . possessed an exceptional mental skill of the students at the final hurdle after being chosen as a member of the university students,they are offered a curriculum for students to study possessed an exceptional mental skill of the students at the final hurdle after being chosen as a member of the university students,they are offered a curriculum for students to study .
also has a number of years of work in colleges and university graduate seminars attended the seminary of learning called also has a number of years of work in colleges and university graduate seminars attended the seminary of learning called . .
in universities graduate with a degree in three levels: (i) a certain branch of science by the University of Technology with a bachelor's degree in in universities graduate with a degree in three levels: (i) a certain branch of science by the University of Technology with a bachelor's degree in . to graduation, and thesis defense for master's degree awarded by Bachelor graduates ( to graduation, and thesis defense for master's degree awarded by Bachelor graduates (.
a certain branch of science doctorate a certain branch of science doctorate . to certain branches of Bachelor of Science, awarded a doctorate by the TAs, college and graduate students study science Dr.
. 3 to a certain branch of science of doctorate,In a number of years of fruitful academic work on the basis of high - quality papers and written by the respondent, may be obtained a first class degree in 3 to a certain branch of science of doctorate,In a number of years of fruitful academic work on the basis of high - quality papers and written by the respondent, may be obtained a first class degree in .
Teacher Training
in addition to the nursery and kindergarten teacher training, are in the college of in addition to the nursery and kindergarten teacher training, are in the college of . nurseries by medical school training, kindergarten teacher training by the Scuola Normale Superiore nurseries by medical school training, kindergarten teacher training by the Scuola Normale Superiore .
schools are enrolling high school graduates had a 10 - year, the Institute for three years schools are enrolling high school graduates had a 10 - year, the Institute for three years . in ordinary school classes from freshman to senior teacher, the teacher training college in 24 training, the recruits had a 10 - year secondary school graduates from in ordinary school classes from freshman to senior teacher, the teacher training college in 24 training, the recruits had a 10 - year secondary school graduates from .
through the four year course of training, shall comply with the requirements of the german language, mathematics, and electives (music, sports or art, etc.) of the working class teaching ability in five through twelve teachers,In the six universities and 9 by the Ecole Normale of approximately 50 specialized in training, holding a bachelor degree at university entrance qualification is admitted students five through twelve teachers,In the six universities and 9 by the Ecole Normale of approximately 50 specialized in training, holding a bachelor degree at university entrance qualification is admitted students .
conditions through a four year course of training required to master academic disciplines (mainly, a subsidiary of teaching ability) conditions through a four year course of training required to master academic disciplines (mainly, a subsidiary of teaching ability) . pioneers of the brigade counselors, are typically a major training institutions training pioneers of the brigade counselors, are typically a major training institutions training .
is from the areas of youth and children in education and teaching of the theory and method of is from the areas of youth and children in education and teaching of the theory and method of . since 1951, determined each year on 12 June as Teachers' Day since 1951, determined each year on 12 June as Teachers' Day .
since 1956, on this day, seniority, a large contribution of teachers issued by J. H. Pestalozzi Medal;Since 1977, every teacher is also payable for one year of additional allowances 3
East Germany's Complex
Complex (East Germany) from German in Ost (east) and misses (two words) Complex (East Germany) from German in Ost (east) and misses (two words) . (easterners) at the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990 reunification of Germany welcomed and (easterners) at the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990 reunification of Germany welcomed and .
but then many easterners found some West Germans think unification of West Germany are winners and losers in the GDR, which led to some East Germans to West Germans' dissatisfaction with the but then many easterners found some West Germans think unification of West Germany are winners and losers in the GDR, which led to some East Germans to West Germans' dissatisfaction with the . In addition in the years following the unification of East Germany's situation is not optimistic,Many East German professor to West Germany in search of work and unemployment and In addition in the years following the unification of East Germany's situation is not optimistic,Many East German professor to West Germany in search of work and unemployment and .
these phenomena so that many easterners to rethink their role and strengthen their knowledge and Ossie this identity these phenomena so that many easterners to rethink their role and strengthen their knowledge and Ossie this identity . - leading to some former residents of the gdr period nostalgia for the East German part of things, such as employment and the welfare state are some of the - leading to some former residents of the gdr period nostalgia for the East German part of things, such as employment and the welfare state are some of the .
in the film "Good Bye Lenin!" reflected in the air in the film "Good Bye Lenin!" reflected in the air .
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Berlin Wall to the east, West Germany 1985 movie life in Berlin, Germany in 2001 film, 2001 film fled Germany in Berlin, Germany in 2001 film Good Bye Lenin! ", the 2003 German film The Lives, 2006 GermanyBerlin Wall to the east, West Germany 1985 movie life in Berlin, Germany in 2001 film, 2001 film fled Germany in Berlin, Germany in 2001 film Good Bye Lenin! ", the 2003 German film The Lives, 2006 Germany.
