Overview
A. phalloides, also known as green cap mushroom, the Amanita phalloides, garlic leaf fungus, the bacteria is high, Amanita phalloides fruiting moderately large general .
cap surface is smooth, its initial near - oval to bell - shaped, surface grayish green, grayish - brown to grey smoke, dull, white meat bacteria cap surface is smooth, its initial near - oval to bell - shaped, surface grayish green, grayish - brown to grey smoke, dull, white meat bacteria . .
white gills, stipe is white, elongated, cylindrical, base dilated into spherical, fluffy interior to the hollow white gills, stipe is white, elongated, cylindrical, base dilated into spherical, fluffy interior to the hollow . volva is large and thick, with bract - like, white volva is large and thick, with bract - like, white .
of the kresoxim methyl to the white, green stipe of the kresoxim methyl to the white, green stipe . in the upper part of the summer and autumn in the deciduous forest floor solitary or colonial in the upper part of the summer and autumn in the deciduous forest floor solitary or colonial .
in the south of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan in the south of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan . this fungus is highly toxic,Harington young thallus more toxic 1 this fungus is highly toxic,Harington young thallus more toxic 1 .
in Amanita fungi, some of the most important, have the certain toxic, but ingestion are not fatal, but some is poisonous. Eating it frequently life - threatening, the green cap on Amanita A. phalloides (Fr.) Link., Amanita verna A. verna (Bull.: Fr.) Lamarck and the death cap (Amanita A. virosa (Fr.), and became known as the deadly toadstool, originally described by Europe, in many European countries are relatively common,As the author in the German southern european beech Fagus sylvatica L. which belongs to the green forest has a record as the death cap (Amanita, as in other areas, the year in Europe for having eaten toadstool by mistake while the poisoning death of recording, most of them after the three kinds of poisonous due to because these are rich in Amanita exitialis (), phallotoxins () or (phalloidin) and so on three big kind of peptide toxins, they have a strong effect on liver and kidney damage because these are rich in Amanita exitialis (), phallotoxins () or (phalloidin) and so on three big kind of peptide toxins, they have a strong effect on liver and kidney damage .
4 4.
Basic Information
in the literature: A. phalloides Latin name: (Way.: Fr.). His Chinese nickname: Lümao mushroom, the Amanita phalloides, garlic leaf fungus, the bacteria is high, the Umbrella Classification: Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycetae and Amanita, Amanita genus
Morphological Feature
sub - entities is generally a moderately large sub - entities is generally a moderately large . cap surface is smooth, no edge stripe, its initial near - oval to bell - shaped, and then was nearly flat, surface grayish green, grayish - brown to gray - green smoke grey, often with radiating stripes of endophytic bacteria cap surface is smooth, no edge stripe, its initial near - oval to bell - shaped, and then was nearly flat, surface grayish green, grayish - brown to gray - green smoke grey, often with radiating stripes of endophytic bacteria .
. white flesh and gills are white, adnate and slightly dense, unequal white flesh and gills are white, adnate and slightly dense, unequal .
white stipe is long, slender, cylindrical, 5 - 18cm long, coarse 0. 6 - 2cm, surface smooth or slightly cilia - like scales and patterns, base dilated into spherical, fluffy interior to the hollow volva is large and thick, with bract - like, white volva is large and thick, with bract - like, white .
of the kresoxim methyl to the white, green stipe of the kresoxim methyl to the white, green stipe . in the upper part of the summer and autumn in the deciduous forest floor solitary or colonial in the upper part of the summer and autumn in the deciduous forest floor solitary or colonial .
this fungus is highly toxic,thallus young are more toxic this fungus is highly toxic,thallus young are more toxic . that contained the toxic peptides and amanita toxin toxoid two that contained the toxic peptides and amanita toxin toxoid two .
poisoning after long incubation period of up to 24 hours poisoning after long incubation period of up to 24 hours . poisoning deaths up 50% or more, even 100% poisoning deaths up 50% or more, even 100% .
this toadstool poisoned, must be taken promptly to detoxification and liver - based therapy this toadstool poisoned, must be taken promptly to detoxification and liver - based therapy .
Distribution Range
is mainly distributed in south of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan is mainly distributed in south of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan .
Poisoning Symptom
This fungus is highly toxic, it is stated that the young are more toxic This fungus is highly toxic, it is stated that the young are more toxic . thallus that contained the toxic peptides and amanita toxin toxoid two thallus that contained the toxic peptides and amanita toxin toxoid two .
poisoning after long incubation period of up to 24 hours poisoning after long incubation period of up to 24 hours . onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and thereafter, to the relief of symptoms, seemingly, the recovery of the patient can also be movable, but actually the toxin to do further damage to the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, brain, central nervous system onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and thereafter, to the relief of symptoms, seemingly, the recovery of the patient can also be movable, but actually the toxin to do further damage to the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, brain, central nervous system .
Next condition quickly worsened, difficulty breathing, restlessness, delirium, convulsive tic, calf muscle spasm Next condition quickly worsened, difficulty breathing, restlessness, delirium, convulsive tic, calf muscle spasm . stasis, liver, and renal cell damage, jaundice, acute hepatitis, hepatomegaly and liver atrophy stasis, liver, and renal cell damage, jaundice, acute hepatitis, hepatomegaly and liver atrophy.
final coma with a high mortality of 50% or more, even 100% final coma with a high mortality of 50% or more, even 100% . this toadstool poisoned, must be taken promptly to detoxification and liver - based therapy this toadstool poisoned, must be taken promptly to detoxification and liver - based therapy .
Other Uses
Yunnan folk also utilize Umbrella digesting liquid to kill Starscream Yunnan folk also utilize Umbrella digesting liquid to kill Starscream . The truffle extract on Yoshida sarcoma - bearing rats and has inhibitory effects on the immune reactivity The truffle extract on Yoshida sarcoma - bearing rats and has inhibitory effects on the immune reactivity .
bacteria is a tree of the ectomycorrhiza with pine, cedar, oak, beech, chestnut and other trees forming mycorrhizal bacteria is a tree of the ectomycorrhiza with pine, cedar, oak, beech, chestnut and other trees forming mycorrhizal .
Mechanism Of Poisoning
In the Amanita poisoning mainly plays a role of amanitoxins is In the Amanita poisoning mainly plays a role of amanitoxins is . Amanita toxic peptides and its mechanism of action, is now in a position to compare the qualitative conclusion, amanin is the major inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity of the Amanita toxic peptides and its mechanism of action, is now in a position to compare the qualitative conclusion, amanin is the major inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity of the .
General Treatment
For this year's race contains amanita mushrooms but within 6 hours and taken to the emergency center of the patient, or has not yet seen or just reported nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms of the patient, is effective for gastrointestinal tract removed For this year's race contains amanita mushrooms but within 6 hours and taken to the emergency center of the patient, or has not yet seen or just reported nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms of the patient, is effective for gastrointestinal tract removed . gastrointestinal tract has been removed, the following processing methods: gastric lavage, using a large inner diameter of the catheter and saline;The activated carbon adsorption, gastric lavage after first with 100 g of activated carbon to remain in the stomach, if still not diarrhea, for an adult may be mixed with 70% of sorbitol, a kid can be mixed with 35% of sorbitol;The catharsis, if useless sorbitol, magnesium citrate is available as a laxative, but magnesium citrate and a few of them are lethal, some institutions are no longer recommended gastrointestinal tract has been removed, the following processing methods: gastric lavage, using a large inner diameter of the catheter and saline;The activated carbon adsorption, gastric lavage after first with 100 g of activated carbon to remain in the stomach, if still not diarrhea, for an adult may be mixed with 70% of sorbitol, a kid can be mixed with 35% of sorbitol;The catharsis, if useless sorbitol, magnesium citrate is available as a laxative, but magnesium citrate and a few of them are lethal, some institutions are no longer recommended .
however the vast majority of patients are started after hours of vomiting, diarrhea and never entered the hospital, for those patients, gastric lavage and emetics cannot plays very apparent roie however the vast majority of patients are started after hours of vomiting, diarrhea and never entered the hospital, for those patients, gastric lavage and emetics cannot plays very apparent roie . toxin removal for having eaten toadstool by mistake after the first 3 days, and the toxins that the liver is repeatedly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of toxins remaining in the mushroom residue and is contaminated with toxins in the bile enters the bloodstream, the following method can be reduced in the gastrointestinal tract of toxins toxin removal for having eaten toadstool by mistake after the first 3 days, and the toxins that the liver is repeatedly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of toxins remaining in the mushroom residue and is contaminated with toxins in the bile enters the bloodstream, the following method can be reduced in the gastrointestinal tract of toxins .
through more than one single or double lumen tube continuous duodenal aspirate,the tube past the pylorus into the duodenum of the second or third position;The activated carbon adsorption, by pipette or orally every 2 ~ 4 hours increased by 10 g of activated carbon to the duodenum, the activated carbon of the initial dose may be used mixed with sorbitol (for adults, the dose per kilogram body weight 1 g of activated carbon plus 4. 3ml70% of sorbitol, for children, using 35% sorbitol);The bile drainage, then the method within 48 hours and can be used as a method of treating urinary excretion is the removal of the main ways, therefore, in the past some people recommend maximum micturition, diuresis mandatory methods include osmotic diuresis and medicament Diuretic such as furosemide, however clinical study of the lack of hard evidence to support this method urinary excretion is the removal of the main ways, therefore, in the past some people recommend maximum micturition, diuresis mandatory methods include osmotic diuresis and medicament Diuretic such as furosemide, however clinical study of the lack of hard evidence to support this method .
but is maintained at a suitable quantity of urine discharged is necessary, excessive urination will give the already damaged kidneys bring dangerous but is maintained at a suitable quantity of urine discharged is necessary, excessive urination will give the already damaged kidneys bring dangerous . vomiting and diarrhea can cause rapid loss of body fluids and must, therefore, maintaining the patient's fluid balance, especially in the case of the mandatory diuretic should be further noted that, when the body fluid is insufficient,mandatory diuretic must be taboo until a rehydration treatment to stabilize the hemodynamics of the patient, using a central venous line can be conveniently monitored carefully nursing medical care has become the important factor to improve survival rates, for each patient, and not all of the following method is used, but which, in the case of these methods should consider and adopt vomiting and diarrhea can cause rapid loss of body fluids and must, therefore, maintaining the patient's fluid balance, especially in the case of the mandatory diuretic should be further noted that, when the body fluid is insufficient,mandatory diuretic must be taboo until a rehydration treatment to stabilize the hemodynamics of the patient, using a central venous line can be conveniently monitored carefully nursing medical care has become the important factor to improve survival rates, for each patient, and not all of the following method is used, but which, in the case of these methods should consider and adopt .
① uptake and excretion of guardianship;The infusion treatment;The central venous catheter placement, facilitate hemodynamic instability of the patient's body;The intravenous glucose to maintain normal blood glucose levels may prevent the adverse effect of hypoglycemia;(5) calculation of serum factor, prothrombin, aminotransferase, creatine kinase, electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, fibrinogen and ammonia levels should be periodically (every 12 to 24 hours);(6) and plasma complement those gastrointestinal bleeding of patients needs to be replenished to maintain the plasma volume and blood coagulation factors of the appropriate level;⑦ transfusion therapy, gastrointestinal damage was very severe, it is required to carry out blood transfusion ① uptake and excretion of guardianship;The infusion treatment;The central venous catheter placement, facilitate hemodynamic instability of the patient's body;The intravenous glucose to maintain normal blood glucose levels may prevent the adverse effect of hypoglycemia;(5) calculation of serum factor, prothrombin, aminotransferase, creatine kinase, electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, fibrinogen and ammonia levels should be periodically (every 12 to 24 hours);(6) and plasma complement those gastrointestinal bleeding of patients needs to be replenished to maintain the plasma volume and blood coagulation factors of the appropriate level;⑦ transfusion therapy, gastrointestinal damage was very severe, it is required to carry out blood transfusion . In the past, although a number of drugs in a bid to reduce the toxin on liver of further damage, but as each patient in the treatment of the resulting complex is difficult to determine the true effects of these drugs, however, the following medications may be recommended to use In the past, although a number of drugs in a bid to reduce the toxin on liver of further damage, but as each patient in the treatment of the resulting complex is difficult to determine the true effects of these drugs, however, the following medications may be recommended to use .
1 penicillin G, using a dose of 40 million units per kilogram of body weight / d or 0. 5 ~ 1 thousand units / d, injection 3d, a child at a dose of 1 000 units, this antibiotic is usually in a continuous intravenous injection was added, a large dose of penicillin can cause seizures, and therefore when injection is to be noted that care to her patients;The silymarin and silymarin, this treatment method is effective, in almost every European amatoxin poisoning patients partially from silymarin and silymarin from wild plants in the thistle, have been extracted, due to its" Hugan "role while in Europe, is a widely used, a large amount of experimental and clinical research has proved its effectiveness, the intravenous dose per kilogram body weight of 20 ~ 30mg / d;The vitamin K, 40 mg / d, iv;The corticosteroid such as dexamethasone, 20 ~ 40mg / d, intravenous silymarin and silymarin from wild plants in the thistle, have been extracted, due to its" Hugan "role while in Europe, is a widely used, a large amount of experimental and clinical research has proved its effectiveness, the intravenous dose per kilogram body weight of 20 ~ 30mg / d;The vitamin K, 40 mg / d, iv;The corticosteroid such as dexamethasone, 20 ~ 40mg / d, intravenous .
LIn the sodium dimercaptopropane sulphonate, 5%, 5 mg, intramuscular injection, in the recent years and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine use Chinese herbal medicine treatment LIn the sodium dimercaptopropane sulphonate, 5%, 5 mg, intramuscular injection, in the recent years and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine use Chinese herbal medicine treatment . treating mushroom poisoning in China have introduced many methods, it is reported that the application of purple ganoderma lucidum on Amanita poisoning effect, Free from Ganoderma lucidum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomitopsis offcinalis, 50 g of dried powder, decocting 2 times, 2 times and then the mixed decoction was concentrated to about 150 mL, administered orally, 3 times a day for treating mushroom poisoning in China have introduced many methods, it is reported that the application of purple ganoderma lucidum on Amanita poisoning effect, Free from Ganoderma lucidum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomitopsis offcinalis, 50 g of dried powder, decocting 2 times, 2 times and then the mixed decoction was concentrated to about 150 mL, administered orally, 3 times a day for .
50 results in the 28 patients treated, 27 patients were cured,So think purple ganoderma lucidum is ideal medicine for treating various poisonous 50 results in the 28 patients treated, 27 patients were cured,So think purple ganoderma lucidum is ideal medicine for treating various poisonous . in recent years in many cases of mushroom poisoning in Hunan, Xiangya Hospital using our method which is proposed and achieved of good effect of liver is in recent years in many cases of mushroom poisoning in Hunan, Xiangya Hospital using our method which is proposed and achieved of good effect of liver is .
amanita toxin is easy to damage the organ, if very severe liver damage, liver transplantation, the U.S. since 1988 to determine liver transplantation as a method to use, from suitable from the viewpoint of its many amatoxin poisoning patient were ideal, usually they're young, there are few other unfavorable for liver transplantation of health problems, but there are two problems to pay attention to, first, whether the patient is suitable for transplantation, the second,The best operative time currently Amanita poisoning patient mortality is 10% ~ 30%, while liver transplantation are at high risk, we must take very strict standards for preventing the unfavorable to a liver transplantation, liver transplantation is not an ordinary operation, in addition to that cost associated with the outside, and which produces a long - term sick are also still high currently Amanita poisoning patient mortality is 10% ~ 30%, while liver transplantation are at high risk, we must take very strict standards for preventing the unfavorable to a liver transplantation, liver transplantation is not an ordinary operation, in addition to that cost associated with the outside, and which produces a long - term sick are also still high .
in company with a sharp deterioration of the situation, may be submitted to liver transplantation indications including prothrombin of less than 20%. It followed that of creatinine and bilirubin rises higher value hemodialysis Amanita toxin with the activated carbon has a very high affinity, however, a dog toxicokinetic experimental data suggest that any form of hemodialysis doesn't seem very effective,unless eating in the hours before any obvious symptoms or not before hemodialysis Amanita toxin with the activated carbon has a very high affinity, however, a dog toxicokinetic experimental data suggest that any form of hemodialysis doesn't seem very effective,unless eating in the hours before any obvious symptoms or not before .
in the urine of the Amanita toxin excretion than hemodialysis was as high as the maximum discharge amount to many times their in the urine of the Amanita toxin excretion than hemodialysis was as high as the maximum discharge amount to many times their . private nurseries, but there are still many institutions hold the opinion that this method plays a role in some countries, no matter what kind of poisoning, blood dialysis is the process of the generic type, which are not part of the scientific reasons for private nurseries, but there are still many institutions hold the opinion that this method plays a role in some countries, no matter what kind of poisoning, blood dialysis is the process of the generic type, which are not part of the scientific reasons for .
plasmapheresis methods which in many cases of amanita poisoning treatment is applied, in theory, it is not the toxin concentration in ratsUnless in poisoning of amanita toxin plasmapheresis methods which in many cases of amanita poisoning treatment is applied, in theory, it is not the toxin concentration in ratsUnless in poisoning of amanita toxin . early is performed only in the beginning of 1 ~ 2 days) at relatively low concentrations in the blood flow is present in the early is performed only in the beginning of 1 ~ 2 days) at relatively low concentrations in the blood flow is present in the .
however, late in the poisoning, the effect of plasma exchange (PE) maintaining normal metabolism and improve coagulation mechanism is good for you however, late in the poisoning, the effect of plasma exchange (PE) maintaining normal metabolism and improve coagulation mechanism is good for you .
Prevention Knowledge
poisonous mushrooms can be deadly, "experience" and "Tufa" unreliable, don't feed wild mushroom, ensure the health and safety;Edible fungus beverage business should alert, Strictly control the procurement, and ensure the safety of poisonous mushrooms can be deadly, "experience" and "Tufa" unreliable, don't feed wild mushroom, ensure the health and safety;Edible fungus beverage business should alert, Strictly control the procurement, and ensure the safety of . sanitary supervision at all levels shall strengthen the supervision of mushroom production and business enterprises, and impose punishment on offenders;Disease prevention and control institutions shall strengthen the monitoring of the mushrooms and toadstools on the enterprise production and management of training and guidance;Medical institutions should prepare emergency treatment of mushroom poisoning, and poisoning sanitary supervision at all levels shall strengthen the supervision of mushroom production and business enterprises, and impose punishment on offenders;Disease prevention and control institutions shall strengthen the monitoring of the mushrooms and toadstools on the enterprise production and management of training and guidance;Medical institutions should prepare emergency treatment of mushroom poisoning, and poisoning .
reporting system reporting system.
Identification Method
China's edible mushroom species that are known to have about 700 more, and up to 190 China's edible mushroom species that are known to have about 700 more, and up to 190 . mushroom poisonous mushroom variety, here's the icing on the cake, also had a good eye and prevent evil from entering by mouth: edible mushrooms grow in grass or cleaning of pines, oaks, poisonous mushrooms tend to grow in shady, moist areas of dirty mushroom poisonous mushroom variety, here's the icing on the cake, also had a good eye and prevent evil from entering by mouth: edible mushrooms grow in grass or cleaning of pines, oaks, poisonous mushrooms tend to grow in shady, moist areas of dirty .
: poisonous fungus face, are brightly colored red, green, black, purple and other colors, especially purple ones tend to have highly toxic, which is picked in the allochromatic : poisonous fungus face, are brightly colored red, green, black, purple and other colors, especially purple ones tend to have highly toxic, which is picked in the allochromatic .: None of the mushrooms cap which is flat at its surface is smooth, free of bacteria on the surface of the wheel, the lower portion of the sterile torr : None of the mushrooms cap which is flat at its surface is smooth, free of bacteria on the surface of the wheel, the lower portion of the sterile torr .
toxic bacteria in the center of the head is convex in shape, often oddly shaped, thick hard plate surface bacteria, bacteria stalk on the bacteria for toxic bacteria in the center of the head is convex in shape, often oddly shaped, thick hard plate surface bacteria, bacteria stalk on the bacteria for .:newly picked wild mushrooms, torn bacteria stalk, toxic secretions of the individual as clear as water (in white), face fungus does not discolour the tear;toxic secretion becomes thick, reddish - brown discoloration after tearing the air :newly picked wild mushrooms, torn bacteria stalk, toxic secretions of the individual as clear as water (in white), face fungus does not discolour the tear;toxic secretion becomes thick, reddish - brown discoloration after tearing the air .
: no poisonous mushrooms which has a special fragrance; poisonous mushrooms have strange taste, such as spicy, sour, bad fishy taste like : no poisonous mushrooms which has a special fragrance; poisonous mushrooms have strange taste, such as spicy, sour, bad fishy taste like .: picking mushrooms in the wild, the available onions in the mushroom - cap - on the way, if the onion becomes greenish brown, proved to be toxic;Conversely if the nontoxic : picking mushrooms in the wild, the available onions in the mushroom - cap - on the way, if the onion becomes greenish brown, proved to be toxic;Conversely if the nontoxic .
Toxin Type
Amanita exitialis according to its amino acid composition and the structure can be classified into amatoxins, phallotoxins and virotoxins, which had been isolated, identified, naturally occurring toxins in 22 Amanita exitialis according to its amino acid composition and the structure can be classified into amatoxins, phallotoxins and virotoxins, which had been isolated, identified, naturally occurring toxins in 22 .
Mushroom Species
containing Amanita mushroom of the Amanita genus mainly, Gakerina and Lepiota in some species, but the vast majority of people lead poisoning is a species of the genus Amanita containing Amanita mushroom of the Amanita genus mainly, Gakerina and Lepiota in some species, but the vast majority of people lead poisoning is a species of the genus Amanita . in Europe, led to the deaths of more than 95 percent of the most deadly, Amanita phalloides induced, therefore people of Amanita in the exclusive domain of the material mainly from Amanita phalloides in Europe, led to the deaths of more than 95 percent of the most deadly, Amanita phalloides induced, therefore people of Amanita in the exclusive domain of the material mainly from Amanita phalloides .
said a recent study (A. verna "in the U.S., South Africa, Malaysia, Mexico, Australia, India and other countries also have distribution and China poisoning; Amanita species is quite abundant, so far, about 100 taxa of the genu were reported, but many species were along the lines of Europe,North American amanitas but a name, such as some very important poisonous Amanita try to bring about a Europe of Amanita phalloides, poisonous mushroom, Amanita virosa etc China poisoning; Amanita species is quite abundant, so far, about 100 taxa of the genu were reported, but many species were along the lines of Europe,North American amanitas but a name, such as some very important poisonous Amanita try to bring about a Europe of Amanita phalloides, poisonous mushroom, Amanita virosa etc .
in China and East Asia, mainly of amanitas with Amanita fuliginea, Amanita exitialis and Amanita subjunquillea var. alba 
