Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Turkish Empire (ل.د 125 125, in Turkish: F.N. Nomos Şımga u) is a Turks established an empire, as founder, Osman I.Osman's men from Roma in the sultanate, in Asia Minor after the independent statehood, is thriving.Climax when forces up to the Asia, Europe and Africa, licensed in South - Eastern Europe, the Balkans, North Africa and in the east of most of the territory in the west, and Algeria, and runs eastward to the Mesopotamian and Persian Gulf, the north, including today's Hungary and Slovenia, and to the south, now the Sudan and Yemen.Self - quenching of the Eastern Roman Empire after the capital, Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, and east of the Roman Empire the successor.So, the Ottoman sultans and sees himself as Lord of the world, inherit the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Islamic culture.Ottoman Empire at the confluence of the eastern and western civilizations, and grasp the main point of land nearly six centuries.The duration of its existence, and the imposition of Islamic reform and modernization, so that the stuff of civilization which is more obvious.In the 16th century, Suleiman the Magnificent's reign, the increasingly prosperous, its territory in the 17th century and more.In ad - Din Barbarossa, under the leadership of its navy has pressed Spain, in the Mediterranean.Ottoman Empire eventually was defeated by the Allies in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and thus split.After the uprising led by Kemal, repulsed the Greek, established the Re

Writing The Names

Ottoman Turkish writing "ل.د 125 125", Latinized into "- i Devlet - i Os má";Modern writing in Turkish "F.N. Nomos Şımga u";English writing "Ottoman Turks" or" Turkish Empire ";Arabic writing "ل.د 125 125 125 ل.د 125 125 125 125 ‎" Chinese versions, according to the English name is" Ottoman Empire ", referred to as the" Ottoman Empire "or" E ";Mainland China is according to Ottoman Turkish is referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", referred to as the "Ottoman Empire" or "Osman" Chinese versions, according to the English name is" Ottoman Empire ", referred to as the" Ottoman Empire "or" E ";Mainland China is according to Ottoman Turkish is referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", referred to as the "Ottoman Empire" or "Osman" .
name "came from the later generations to the founding of Sultan Osman I's title is taken from the name of name "came from the later generations to the founding of Sultan Osman I's title is taken from the name of ." Osman "(Ottoman Turkish:;Modern Turkish: Osman;IPA: / osman /), drew the attention of the Ottoman Turkish used the original Arabic - Persian language, / s / sound occur following a vowel of a word in the case of a theta /: " Osman "(Ottoman Turkish:;Modern Turkish: Osman;IPA: / osman /), drew the attention of the Ottoman Turkish used the original Arabic - Persian language, / s / sound occur following a vowel of a word in the case of a theta /: .
/ marking / marking.

History

The Rise Expansion

Osman is part of the Turkic - speaking peoples, the Roma belongs to the Seljuk sultanate, a small tribal Osman is part of the Turkic - speaking peoples, the Roma belongs to the Seljuk sultanate, a small tribal . tribe which gradually settled in the Anatolian peninsula, with the early Byzantine - Greek in multi - ethnic fusion with the war, through the Byzantine Empire in Anatolia and other Turkic peoples of wandering and fighting, Osman's part, increasingly prosperous, modern Turks tribe which gradually settled in the Anatolian peninsula, with the early Byzantine - Greek in multi - ethnic fusion with the war, through the Byzantine Empire in Anatolia and other Turkic peoples of wandering and fighting, Osman's part, increasingly prosperous, modern Turks .
Flickr from Roma sultanate to 1300 years after the fall of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean between the Anatolian mainland, split out of the plurality of the Commonwealth of Independent States,collectively known as Anatolian principalities () Flickr from Roma sultanate to 1300 years after the fall of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean between the Anatolian mainland, split out of the plurality of the Commonwealth of Independent States,collectively known as Anatolian principalities () . Ottoman Turks originally live in Central Asia by the Amu Darya basin, Uzbekistan is actually the Khwarizmi area, belongs to the Western Turk tribes by Kai Wu Gu died, at the time as the Khwarizmi Shah dynasty vassal Ottoman Turks originally live in Central Asia by the Amu Darya basin, Uzbekistan is actually the Khwarizmi area, belongs to the Western Turk tribes by Kai Wu Gu died, at the time as the Khwarizmi Shah dynasty vassal .
ancient engaged in nomadic, feeding and ancient engaged in nomadic, feeding and . in the 13th century, the Mongols began a westward expansion, forced them to migrate their Seljuk in the 13th century, the Mongols began a westward expansion, forced them to migrate their Seljuk .
initially rests on the soil's Roma people established a sultanate in the Byzantine Empire and the adjacent sakaria Riverside, he was given a fief initially rests on the soil's Roma people established a sultanate in the Byzantine Empire and the adjacent sakaria Riverside, he was given a fief . tribal sheikh El Gruul after death,He was the son of Osman (1258) tribal sheikh El Gruul after death,He was the son of Osman (1258) .
~ 1326, he succeeded to the throne following his father acting as tribal chiefs, 1299, Osman while Roma Seljuk sultanate split, a formal declaration of independence, the title of "Ghazi", established the Ottoman country ~ 1326, he succeeded to the throne following his father acting as tribal chiefs, 1299, Osman while Roma Seljuk sultanate split, a formal declaration of independence, the title of "Ghazi", established the Ottoman country . in 1326, Osman's son Orhan (1326 - 1360) was renamed to Governor - General, established a standing army, and annexed the sultanate of Rum and most of the in 1326, Osman's son Orhan (1326 - 1360) was renamed to Governor - General, established a standing army, and annexed the sultanate of Rum and most of the .
to the year 1331, King's being wounded in the Byzantine Empire, and conquered the city of Nicaea, and moved the capital to this to the year 1331, King's being wounded in the Byzantine Empire, and conquered the city of Nicaea, and moved the capital to this . 1354, Orhan army crossed the Hellespont, captured the Gallipoli peninsula,since around to attack the bridgehead in the Balkans 1354, Orhan army crossed the Hellespont, captured the Gallipoli peninsula,since around to attack the bridgehead in the Balkans .
Orhan internally, as well as the establishment of national administrative organization, the establishment of a central, appointed Wazir (minister), i.e., to send military and administrative officer uniform casting coins, become the real architect of the Ottoman state in 1360 Sultan Murad I (1360 - 1389) who succeeded to the throne after expansion in South - Eastern Europe to make decisive progress towards Sultan Murad I (1360 - 1389) who succeeded to the throne after expansion in South - Eastern Europe to make decisive progress towards .
1362, waging a large - scale military offensive in the occupation of Edirne, and then went on to conquer all 1362, waging a large - scale military offensive in the occupation of Edirne, and then went on to conquer all . Western Thrace, Macedonia, Sofia, Thessaloniki and northern Greece,forcing the Bulgarian and Serbian rulers paid him tribute Western Thrace, Macedonia, Sofia, Thessaloniki and northern Greece,forcing the Bulgarian and Serbian rulers paid him tribute .
in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 defeated the Serbian, Bulgarian, Hungarian Coalition in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 defeated the Serbian, Bulgarian, Hungarian Coalition . The victory shocked the European rulers The victory shocked the European rulers .
Europe in an effort to save the Byzantine empire, has dispatched reinforcements Europe in an effort to save the Byzantine empire, has dispatched reinforcements . Sudanese prisoner I (1389 - 1402) in 1396 the Battle of Coburg's Championship, defeating Hungary, France, Germany and other countries of the coalition, with nearly 10,000 crusaders captured, except that the amounts of money for the redemption of 300 aristocratic knights, the rest of almost all killed from Sudanese prisoner I (1389 - 1402) in 1396 the Battle of Coburg's Championship, defeating Hungary, France, Germany and other countries of the coalition, with nearly 10,000 crusaders captured, except that the amounts of money for the redemption of 300 aristocratic knights, the rest of almost all killed from .
,Europeans are watching the Ottoman expansion ,Europeans are watching the Ottoman expansion . .
Byzantine Empire is on the verge of death but at this very moment, the Turkic people of Central Asia Timur's powerful, and started expanding to Asia Minor Byzantine Empire is on the verge of death but at this very moment, the Turkic people of Central Asia Timur's powerful, and started expanding to Asia Minor . in 1402, at the Battle of Ankara, Tie defeated the Ottoman army, the Ottoman Sultans in 1402, at the Battle of Ankara, Tie defeated the Ottoman army, the Ottoman Sultans .
prisoner captured this event temporarily saved the Byzantine empire, then barely in existence for a while because prisoner captured this event temporarily saved the Byzantine empire, then barely in existence for a while because . prisoner Sudan's four sons were contested between the start of the war, newly conquered areas of the people there set off a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the middle of a terrible crisis,had to be postponed to the European Expansion prisoner Sudan's four sons were contested between the start of the war, newly conquered areas of the people there set off a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the middle of a terrible crisis,had to be postponed to the European Expansion .
Sultan Mehmet I (1413 - 1421) split between its ends, the recapture of Tamerlane during the loss of territory in Sultan Mehmet I (1413 - 1421) split between its ends, the recapture of Tamerlane during the loss of territory in . 1444, Murad II (who reigned from 1421 to 1451 in the Battle of Varna European Christian kingdoms fought off German counterattacks 1444, Murad II (who reigned from 1421 to 1451 in the Battle of Varna European Christian kingdoms fought off German counterattacks .

Strong Development

In 1683 the Ottoman Empire in 1453 to the years of history can be broadly divided into two periods: the years 1566 of territorial, economic and cultural expansion after its period of relative military and political interludes In 1683 the Ottoman Empire in 1453 to the years of history can be broadly divided into two periods: the years 1566 of territorial, economic and cultural expansion after its period of relative military and political interludes . 1453, Sultan Mehmed II, the 21 - year - old, he succeeded to the throne in less than two years, led an army of 80,000 to attack Constantinople, ousting the 53 days, finally conquered the city on May 29, and the island's capital, the Byzantine empire 1453, Sultan Mehmed II, the 21 - year - old, he succeeded to the throne in less than two years, led an army of 80,000 to attack Constantinople, ousting the 53 days, finally conquered the city on May 29, and the island's capital, the Byzantine empire .
Mehmed II to Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, Turkish, meaning "uptown" Mehmed II to Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, Turkish, meaning "uptown" . conquest of Constantinople at the same time also to stabilize the empire in the west of Asia,South Eastern (southeastern) Europe and the eastern Mediterranean hegemony, Next Empire entered a long period of expansion of the conquest, the territory will be expanding to Europe and North Africa conquest of Constantinople at the same time also to stabilize the empire in the west of Asia,South Eastern (southeastern) Europe and the eastern Mediterranean hegemony, Next Empire entered a long period of expansion of the conquest, the territory will be expanding to Europe and North Africa .
the Ottoman land expansion rely primarily on its powerful centralized institutions, military innovation and iron - clad military discipline, while the Ottoman navy also conquered activity plays an important role in the Italian city - states of the Portuguese and battling and guarantee the rights of the Black Sea, the Aegean, Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean sea route between Europe and Turkey, which holds the key to the the Ottoman land expansion rely primarily on its powerful centralized institutions, military innovation and iron - clad military discipline, while the Ottoman navy also conquered activity plays an important role in the Italian city - states of the Portuguese and battling and guarantee the rights of the Black Sea, the Aegean, Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean sea route between Europe and Turkey, which holds the key to the . due mainly to the overland trade routes,Empire of Turkey's booming economy and thus due mainly to the overland trade routes,Empire of Turkey's booming economy and thus .
Western Europe and Asian trading monopoly is often cited as the Queen of Spain to support Christopher Columbus set sail in search of the grounds of XAE Asian sea lanes of the main reasons for the Western Europe and Asian trading monopoly is often cited as the Queen of Spain to support Christopher Columbus set sail in search of the grounds of XAE Asian sea lanes of the main reasons for the . 1492 has speculated that the Earth is round, however it was Columbus who first discovered can be shortened by the Ottoman Empire into the asian trade risk - of - the - road approach in some sage 1492 has speculated that the Earth is round, however it was Columbus who first discovered can be shortened by the Ottoman Empire into the asian trade risk - of - the - road approach in some sage .
Turkish Sudan under the reign of Selim I in Turkish Sudan under the reign of Selim I in . DRAMA; is committed to the domestic economy of the construction working eastward and southward extension,1514 in the Battle of Tah's defeated the King of Persia under the Safavid Empire, and some areas of azerbaijan DRAMA; is committed to the domestic economy of the construction working eastward and southward extension,1514 in the Battle of Tah's defeated the King of Persia under the Safavid Empire, and some areas of azerbaijan .
1517, the Mamluks of Egypt to cease by Turkish dynasty, whose naval forces also extended to the Red Sea 1517, the Mamluks of Egypt to cease by Turkish dynasty, whose naval forces also extended to the Red Sea . thereafter, the Ottoman Empire and Portuguese Empire became one of the most dominant forces of Suleiman I, after following the thereafter, the Ottoman Empire and Portuguese Empire became one of the most dominant forces of Suleiman I, after following the .
and and . the pace hasn't stopped the conquest in 1521, Turkey captured Belgrade, followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary, and Hungary in Central Europe and Turkey established in the locality of the genus the pace hasn't stopped the conquest in 1521, Turkey captured Belgrade, followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary, and Hungary in Central Europe and Turkey established in the locality of the genus .
Hungary in 1526 the Turks, first in Bodhgaya, the Battle of Chi's triumph,and to launch a Siege of Vienna in 1529, but due to the onset of winter forced retreat Hungary in 1526 the Turks, first in Bodhgaya, the Battle of Chi's triumph,and to launch a Siege of Vienna in 1529, but due to the onset of winter forced retreat . in 1532, Jubing Turkey more than 250,000 attack Vienna again, but in the south of Vienna Kőszeg repulsed in 1532, Jubing Turkey more than 250,000 attack Vienna again, but in the south of Vienna Kőszeg repulsed .
1543, Turkey continues advancing, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I in 1547 and formally recognized the suzerainty of Turkey v Hungary 1543, Turkey continues advancing, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I in 1547 and formally recognized the suzerainty of Turkey v Hungary . Suleiman I, and his rule of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova have become flighty Empire annexed to imperial tribute Suleiman I, and his rule of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova have become flighty Empire annexed to imperial tribute .
in the east, Persia and Turkey in the hands of the taking of Baghdad, in the east, Persia and Turkey in the hands of the taking of Baghdad,. Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf's hands in the reign of Suleiman I, the end portion of the empire's population of nearly 15 million people in the Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf's hands in the reign of Suleiman I, the end portion of the empire's population of nearly 15 million people in the .
Selim I and Suleiman bloodlust, Turkey has a powerful naval force, controlling much of the eastern Mediterranean Turkey Selim I and Suleiman bloodlust, Turkey has a powerful naval force, controlling much of the eastern Mediterranean Turkey . Admiral Barbarossa, Ding Lei King Suleiman led the Turkish navy several times defeated Christian navies, including the War of the Spanish conquest of Tunisia and Algeria to assist the Turkish navy Admiral Barbarossa, Ding Lei King Suleiman led the Turkish navy several times defeated Christian navies, including the War of the Spanish conquest of Tunisia and Algeria to assist the Turkish navy .
Muslims and Jews in Spain during the Spanish Inquisition fled, and escort them Muslims and Jews in Spain during the Spanish Inquisition fled, and escort them . 1543 arrived in Turkey,Turkish naval occupation of the Holy Roman Empire in Nice, in France by King Francois I of France and Turkey to facilitate 1543 arrived in Turkey,Turkish naval occupation of the Holy Roman Empire in Nice, in France by King Francois I of France and Turkey to facilitate .
due with the Habsburg dynasty in Central and Southern Europe hostile united, and became the anchor of strong alliances, this was a military and economic alliance, Turkey is allowed to trade within the Empire to be in France by due with the Habsburg dynasty in Central and Southern Europe hostile united, and became the anchor of strong alliances, this was a military and economic alliance, Turkey is allowed to trade within the Empire to be in France by . tax as a matter of fact, Turkey is a European - level importance and acceptance of the regime, Turkey and France, the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic concluded a military alliance against the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, Italy and the Austrian duchies tax as a matter of fact, Turkey is a European - level importance and acceptance of the regime, Turkey and France, the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic concluded a military alliance against the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, Italy and the Austrian duchies .
With 16 centuries of development,Turkish naval force by the forces of Western Europe that plays to their challenges, especially in the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca and the Moluccas Islands Portugal threats pose a serious challenge to the clients, and Turkey in this period to dominate, and Southeast Asia can be heard in the State of Qi, the Malacca Sultanate's sphere of influence due to the With 16 centuries of development,Turkish naval force by the forces of Western Europe that plays to their challenges, especially in the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca and the Moluccas Islands Portugal threats pose a serious challenge to the clients, and Turkey in this period to dominate, and Southeast Asia can be heard in the State of Qi, the Malacca Sultanate's sphere of influence due to the . all of Turkey Turkey blocked the southward and eastward to the sea, European countries had to find another path all of Turkey Turkey blocked the southward and eastward to the sea, European countries had to find another path .
in the land, Turkey is in Austria and Persia this war on two fronts, the war required resources, logistics and communications due to too long distance becomes difficult, so that the Navy was unable to sustain additional in the land, Turkey is in Austria and Persia this war on two fronts, the war required resources, logistics and communications due to too long distance becomes difficult, so that the Navy was unable to sustain additional .,Turkey's State of the Arab conquests, continued until Selim I, Suleiman was the successor to the Emperor (1520 - 1566), and in 1520, a Turkish pirate Hai Lei Ding, nicknamed Barbarossa (Red Beard), who claimed to be the Turkish prince, conquered Algeria ,Turkey's State of the Arab conquests, continued until Selim I, Suleiman was the successor to the Emperor (1520 - 1566), and in 1520, a Turkish pirate Hai Lei Ding, nicknamed Barbarossa (Red Beard), who claimed to be the Turkish prince, conquered Algeria .
from 1533 onwards, Turkey's central government to local bureaucrats dispatched Algeria from 1533 onwards, Turkey's central government to local bureaucrats dispatched Algeria . Yi (1534), the Turks first tried to conquer neighboring Tunisia and Algeria, and even occupied Tunisia, but the following year this place was a Spaniard,But soon, Turks defeated Spaniard, fully occupied the country Yi (1534), the Turks first tried to conquer neighboring Tunisia and Algeria, and even occupied Tunisia, but the following year this place was a Spaniard,But soon, Turks defeated Spaniard, fully occupied the country .
Turkish occupation of Tripoli (present - day Libya in 1551) about left and right of the Turkish occupation of Tripoli (present - day Libya in 1551) about left and right of the . Turkish expansion also spilled into the Arabian Peninsula, in 1547, the Turkish - occupied Yemen, 1550 - occupation of Bahrain, in 1557 in Muscat, Oman beat the Portuguese, and control the Omani Turkish expansion also spilled into the Arabian Peninsula, in 1547, the Turkish - occupied Yemen, 1550 - occupation of Bahrain, in 1557 in Muscat, Oman beat the Portuguese, and control the Omani .
shortly, the Turks conquered the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Somalia shortly, the Turks conquered the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Somalia . Next, Mosul into Iraq to Turkey during the advance of the new point of departure for the Next, Mosul into Iraq to Turkey during the advance of the new point of departure for the .
Turkey and Persia for Iraq at the century - old dispute,"In Turkey, in a victory for Turkey and Persia for Iraq at the century - old dispute,"In Turkey, in a victory for . Iraq after the Turks conquered the Persian Gulf and as far as Hazar - enan Iraq after the Turks conquered the Persian Gulf and as far as Hazar - enan .
such, only the decline of the time, almost all of the Arab nations were Turkey, which has only Morocco and Oman are still independent from Turkey, as a vassal state in the form of 300 ~ 400 such, only the decline of the time, almost all of the Arab nations were Turkey, which has only Morocco and Oman are still independent from Turkey, as a vassal state in the form of 300 ~ 400 . in later years, these Arab country has suffered since the Turkish military oppression in later years, these Arab country has suffered since the Turkish military oppression .
until the 19th century to 20th century european countries did more of oppression by the Arab countries instead of until the 19th century to 20th century european countries did more of oppression by the Arab countries instead of . cling to Turkey that there are differences in the extent to which cling to Turkey that there are differences in the extent to which .
of the Maghreb region of Algeria, Tunisia,Tripoli (present - day Libya) is a remote province of Turkey, in fact, in 17 ~ 18 Century during the detachment of the Government of Turkey and the independent Yemen of the Maghreb region of Algeria, Tunisia,Tripoli (present - day Libya) is a remote province of Turkey, in fact, in 17 ~ 18 Century during the detachment of the Government of Turkey and the independent Yemen . in the mid - 17th century ago in the mid - 17th century ago .
independently in the gulf coast, the Portuguese military confrontation in the loss of almost all the colony after the 16th century in the last period of the identity of the merchant to make a comeback, and trade advantage that squeezing out of the Turks, and was re - established some stronghold until the early 17th century by the Persians of the Safavid Empire deported even independently in the gulf coast, the Portuguese military confrontation in the loss of almost all the colony after the 16th century in the last period of the identity of the merchant to make a comeback, and trade advantage that squeezing out of the Turks, and was re - established some stronghold until the early 17th century by the Persians of the Safavid Empire deported even . in the Turkish ruler Pasha were led by Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iraq,Turkey's central - government authority is also common for the local government of challenges in the Turkish ruler Pasha were led by Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iraq,Turkey's central - government authority is also common for the local government of challenges .
sometimes Pasha have hatched a conspiracy against the Sudan, marked by the local Arab lords rebelled against the Turkish Pasha, the powerful uprising of the people; all of this other bends down, shocking the entire Ottoman Empire sometimes Pasha have hatched a conspiracy against the Sudan, marked by the local Arab lords rebelled against the Turkish Pasha, the powerful uprising of the people; all of this other bends down, shocking the entire Ottoman Empire .

ZTE Decay

Suleiman I's death, Turkey's territorial expansion has been slowing for the Suleiman I's death, Turkey's territorial expansion has been slowing for the . Western Europe the maritime forces of growth, development by the European to the Asian continent to the sea and the destruction of the empire's economic development in the past Western Europe the maritime forces of growth, development by the European to the Asian continent to the sea and the destruction of the empire's economic development in the past .
effective military and bureaucratic system of governance in the Sudan due to improper variation effective military and bureaucratic system of governance in the Sudan due to improper variation . Empire although the face of these difficulties, it still is a major European power, until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Battle of Vienna marked the termination of Turkey to Europe to continue to expand the European Empire although the face of these difficulties, it still is a major European power, until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Battle of Vienna marked the termination of Turkey to Europe to continue to expand the European .
started working in Turkey's land trade routes of Western Europe, bypassing Turkey started working in Turkey's land trade routes of Western Europe, bypassing Turkey . control of trade monopolies,They established the sea route to Asia control of trade monopolies,They established the sea route to Asia .
influx of silver from the New World led the Turkish monetary debasement and inflation, and mr osman's various sections of society would have a severe negative impact influx of silver from the New World led the Turkish monetary debasement and inflation, and mr osman's various sections of society would have a severe negative impact . Selim II grand viziers Socorro Muhammad Pasha started the Suez and the Volga waterway development, to get the economy going again, but these plans were canceled in Selim II grand viziers Socorro Muhammad Pasha started the Suez and the Volga waterway development, to get the economy going again, but these plans were canceled in .
1571 in Eastern Europe that was burned on to Moscow, Turkey in support of the Crimean Khan Daulat. attached himself to the end of the world, plans to conquer russia at the end of the year,Crimean Army in the Battle of Molech Di defeated then - russia at the end of the year,Crimean Army in the Battle of Molech Di defeated then - .
of the Crimean Khanate is undoubtedly one of Eastern Europe, as well as the strong pressure, until the end of the 17th century of the Crimean Khanate is undoubtedly one of Eastern Europe, as well as the strong pressure, until the end of the 17th century . in southern Europe, the leadership of the Catholic League of Philip II in the Mediterranean Sea, the challenges of the Ottoman navy in the Battle of Lepanto defeated the Turkish fleet, for the attitude of the Turkish Navy was undefeated as a blow for in southern Europe, the leadership of the Catholic League of Philip II in the Mediterranean Sea, the challenges of the Ottoman navy in the Battle of Lepanto defeated the Turkish fleet, for the attitude of the Turkish Navy was undefeated as a blow for .
today, historians believe the Battle of Lepanto of heavier - than - symbolic military today, historians believe the Battle of Lepanto of heavier - than - symbolic military . in the Turkish navy after the defeat of six months, the army of about 250 warships, of which eight are equipped with a modern three - sail mounted armament of the new fleet was built in Constantinople in the Turkish navy after the defeat of six months, the army of about 250 warships, of which eight are equipped with a modern three - sail mounted armament of the new fleet was built in Constantinople .
of the dock,Shipbuilding peaked when every day of the dock,Shipbuilding peaked when every day . ships had been built by the Turkish grand viziers in Venice and the minister said: "We win in Cyprus when we removed your army, you beat us and the fleet is likely to happen is shaved off the bread of a skin that ships had been built by the Turkish grand viziers in Venice and the minister said: "We win in Cyprus when we removed your army, you beat us and the fleet is likely to happen is shaved off the bread of a skin that .
" Turkish Navy remarkable resilience to Venice in 1573 to sign a peace treaty, the Turkish expansion in North Africa and consolidate its status " Turkish Navy remarkable resilience to Venice in 1573 to sign a peace treaty, the Turkish expansion in North Africa and consolidate its status . and Habsburg border is no big change, only a number of times for the individual small battle fortress of and Habsburg border is no big change, only a number of times for the individual small battle fortress of .
due to European development was a star fort, which borders Austria in the Low Castle fortress,This fort is subject to the long - term siege only occupied due to European development was a star fort, which borders Austria in the Low Castle fortress,This fort is subject to the long - term siege only occupied . Turkey on this bastion, the empire of the used cannons were rendered ineffective Turkey on this bastion, the empire of the used cannons were rendered ineffective .
This reflects its geographic limits, in early spring to late autumn season of war, Turkish army marched from Constantinople, Vienna is the Turkish army of farthest points except that This reflects its geographic limits, in early spring to late autumn season of war, Turkish army marched from Constantinople, Vienna is the Turkish army of farthest points except that ., Turkey at the frontline, the door to the Austrians on the one hand and against the Persian Safavid Empire , Turkey at the frontline, the door to the Austrians on the one hand and against the Persian Safavid Empire .
Shia Muslims on the battlefield, Turkey was under the control of the continent's military technology to overtake the United States,Religious and conservative intellectuals of the magnificence of the strangulation of the Turkish military innovation Shia Muslims on the battlefield, Turkey was under the control of the continent's military technology to overtake the United States,Religious and conservative intellectuals of the magnificence of the strangulation of the Turkish military innovation . European military and armaments on the revolutionary strategy of change and saw an end to a feared Sipahi cavalry threat diminished European military and armaments on the revolutionary strategy of change and saw an end to a feared Sipahi cavalry threat diminished .
in a lengthy war against the Habsburg dynasty, the empire needed large amounts of firearm - equipped infantry, then relax the conscription policy, the Turkish Forces nouvelles quantity is greatly improved, but went on to become a military, the soldiers and the quality of the problem, the government even has to meet Sergeant mutiny in a lengthy war against the Habsburg dynasty, the empire needed large amounts of firearm - equipped infantry, then relax the conscription policy, the Turkish Forces nouvelles quantity is greatly improved, but went on to become a military, the soldiers and the quality of the problem, the government even has to meet Sergeant mutiny . European muskets while advocating development of spears and muskets and linear tactics on the Turkish military to deal a mortal blow at European muskets while advocating development of spears and muskets and linear tactics on the Turkish military to deal a mortal blow at .
Turkish army has recruited a number of informal sniper battles,After demobilization in some snipers in the insurrections in degenerated into banditry, insurgency and let Gela in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries fallen into a state of anarchy to Turkish army has recruited a number of informal sniper battles,After demobilization in some snipers in the insurrections in degenerated into banditry, insurgency and let Gela in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries fallen into a state of anarchy to . 1600 years, the population of the Ottoman Empire reached 30 million, on account of a shortage of land demands also the pressure on the Sudanese 1600 years, the population of the Ottoman Empire reached 30 million, on account of a shortage of land demands also the pressure on the Sudanese .
feminist era (1648 - 1656), on the other hand, is a Turkish harem, which has a big influence on the politics of the period, from the Queen Mother to exercise on behalf of her son, this is not unprecedented, Xu Lei, who's in the Sudan in 1530 at the beginning of the 1990s inherited Luban New Sudan Sudan, she served the Venetian Bailo is Andrea described as Jerry's"extremely kind - hearted, brave and intelligent woman" feminist era (1648 - 1656), on the other hand, is a Turkish harem, which has a big influence on the politics of the period, from the Queen Mother to exercise on behalf of her son, this is not unprecedented, Xu Lei, who's in the Sudan in 1530 at the beginning of the 1990s inherited Luban New Sudan Sudan, she served the Venetian Bailo is Andrea described as Jerry's"extremely kind - hearted, brave and intelligent woman" . due to Ibrahim I, the inability to govern, and in 1646, the youngest Mohammed VI enthroned, the government should hand in to the harem of the imperial governance, this period was the most famous women in Sudan and its Sam's daughter - in - law Du Heng, Jie, where Ke Sam with Sudan, Regency incurred opponents in 1651 to murder the empire into due to Ibrahim I, the inability to govern, and in 1646, the youngest Mohammed VI enthroned, the government should hand in to the harem of the imperial governance, this period was the most famous women in Sudan and its Sam's daughter - in - law Du Heng, Jie, where Ke Sam with Sudan, Regency incurred opponents in 1651 to murder the empire into .
Next science law Lu Period (1656 - 1703), and in this period, the Empire Hobbles law Lu family became grand viziers Next science law Lu Period (1656 - 1703), and in this period, the Empire Hobbles law Lu family became grand viziers . 1656 on Sep. 15,Walter was eighty science popularisation law Lu Bin Mohammed Pasha obtained Jie Du Heng, to ensure he would not intervene in the imperial harem for the government to deal with
science law Lu Bin Mohammed Pasha was a militant conservative lawman, he restored the central power and empire of the military, his son and heir of PST - law Lu, Lokhandwala, Ahmad pursues its parent route science law Lu Bin Mohammed Pasha was a militant conservative lawman, he restored the central power and empire of the military, his son and heir of PST - law Lu, Lokhandwala, Ahmad pursues its parent route . PST Hezhisagulu family law to restore military prestige of the results visible to recapture Transylvania, conquered Crete in 1669 and 1676 to southern Ukraine, occupation of Kolding, the corps' It can wave - wave and multi - Liski area Dolia PST Hezhisagulu family law to restore military prestige of the results visible to recapture Transylvania, conquered Crete in 1669 and 1676 to southern Ukraine, occupation of Kolding, the corps' It can wave - wave and multi - Liski area Dolia .
May 1683,And I just got to revive the military again destroyed, Kara Mustafa Pasha Jubing attack Vienna again, Turkey's army was being led by Polish King John III of Habsburg, German and Polish coalition forces to defeat May 1683,And I just got to revive the military again destroyed, Kara Mustafa Pasha Jubing attack Vienna again, Turkey's army was being led by Polish King John III of Habsburg, German and Polish coalition forces to defeat . "Karl Rove odd Treaty, which ended the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman army for the first time ceded control of its European territories, including Ottoman Hungary "Karl Rove odd Treaty, which ended the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman army for the first time ceded control of its European territories, including Ottoman Hungary .
, the Ottoman Empire in Europe is no longer able to pursue expansionary in European fronts and may have been a defensive , the Ottoman Empire in Europe is no longer able to pursue expansionary in European fronts and may have been a defensive . in this period,One of only two singles on the effective implementation of Sudan Empire political and military jurisdiction in this period,One of only two singles on the effective implementation of Sudan Empire political and military jurisdiction .
Murad IV, recaptured the Yerevan and Baghdad, the central authority will once again be valued Murad IV, recaptured the Yerevan and Baghdad, the central authority will once again be valued . Mustafa II in 1695 to 1696 counteroffensive Habsburg of Hungary, but Sanjay is Prinz Eugen beat Mustafa II in 1695 to 1696 counteroffensive Habsburg of Hungary, but Sanjay is Prinz Eugen beat .

Stagnant Reform

In the stagnation stage, Empire of many Balkan territories fall into the hands of the Austrian Empire, but in the name of the Ottoman Empire in the governance of Egypt, Tripolitania (now Libya), Tunisia and Algeria has actually gained independence, and later became a British, French and Italian colonial In the stagnation stage, Empire of many Balkan territories fall into the hands of the Austrian Empire, but in the name of the Ottoman Empire in the governance of Egypt, Tripolitania (now Libya), Tunisia and Algeria has actually gained independence, and later became a British, French and Italian colonial . in the 18th century, and the central government and local rulers led to varying degrees of autonomy in the in the 18th century, and the central government and local rulers led to varying degrees of autonomy in the .
in the 17th century to the 19th century, they started in eastern Europe and the former tsarist russia started in the mid - western Asia, southeastern Europe and Africa to the northern expansion of the Ottoman Empire experienced a string of contested territory,territorial supremacy and in the 17th century to the 19th century, they started in eastern Europe and the former tsarist russia started in the mid - western Asia, southeastern Europe and Africa to the northern expansion of the Ottoman Empire experienced a string of contested territory,territorial supremacy and . historians consider long - term stagnation of the Ottoman Empire is the failure of the reform of the Ottoman Empire era historians consider long - term stagnation of the Ottoman Empire is the failure of the reform of the Ottoman Empire era .
here during the war of science and education reform, including the establishment of institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University of Science and Technology here during the war of science and education reform, including the establishment of institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University of Science and Technology . of the Ottoman Empire in medieval times, it was the Ottoman scholars of Islamic philosophy and mathematics, Chinese knowledge of gunpowder and the compass magnet based of the Ottoman Empire in medieval times, it was the Ottoman scholars of Islamic philosophy and mathematics, Chinese knowledge of gunpowder and the compass magnet based .
in this period, the influence of science, and some writers of Manufacturers slammed the press as" the devil's invention of " in this period, the influence of science, and some writers of Manufacturers slammed the press as" the devil's invention of ". Western movable type printing in about 1450 by John Ness, Johannes Gutenberg's invention,In 1493 by the Jews of Spain by introducing Osman, by Jews from Spain fled the Inquisition and later to the Ottoman Tulip Era is Western movable type printing in about 1450 by John Ness, Johannes Gutenberg's invention,In 1493 by the Jews of Spain by introducing Osman, by Jews from Spain fled the Inquisition and later to the Ottoman Tulip Era is .
to Sultan Ahmed III's favorite flower, so - named Tulip is also a symbol of peace during his reign to Sultan Ahmed III's favorite flower, so - named Tulip is also a symbol of peace during his reign . Empire to Europe in the policy change, 1712 in the Ottoman Empire in the third of the Russo - Turkish war in victory and the signing of the treaty of Passarowitz "after, in the years 1718 to 1730, in the state of peace in the Balkans Empire to Europe in the policy change, 1712 in the Ottoman Empire in the third of the Russo - Turkish war in victory and the signing of the treaty of Passarowitz "after, in the years 1718 to 1730, in the state of peace in the Balkans .
Ottoman frontier town fortified,as a precaution against further European expansion Ottoman frontier town fortified,as a precaution against further European expansion . some preliminary reforms are under way, such as by reducing tax rates, in an attempt to improve the image of the Empire. The domestic starts appearing the private investment and entrepreneurs
Turkish military reform in Selim III started in that capacity, he was the first attempt to follow the European path to modernization of the military in the Sudan, however, those reforms are reactionaries who hinder, and Turkish resistance from religious leaders of the Forces nouvelles, who at the time of the Turkish Forces nouvelles Degnisegui 'in that it has lost control and utility, their poverty and discontent to change is said to be triggered the mutiny Turkish military reform in Selim III started in that capacity, he was the first attempt to follow the European path to modernization of the military in the Sudan, however, those reforms are reactionaries who hinder, and Turkish resistance from religious leaders of the Forces nouvelles, who at the time of the Turkish Forces nouvelles Degnisegui 'in that it has lost control and utility, their poverty and discontent to change is said to be triggered the mutiny . Selim III's final reform incurred the all - powerful,Its successor Mahmud II in 1826 on the Turkish Forces Nouvelles were amazing and bloody massacres, suppression of mutinous Selim III's final reform incurred the all - powerful,Its successor Mahmud II in 1826 on the Turkish Forces Nouvelles were amazing and bloody massacres, suppression of mutinous .
however, 18th - century Ottoman Empire, and not merely for expansion and development of the stagnation period, also is the one to adapt to new things and new era. architecture, it served as the Ottoman Empire from the military to expand the reform at the end of the transitional stage from

Modern Fading

the decline of the Ottoman Empire is regarded by historians as a modern empire period the decline of the Ottoman Empire is regarded by historians as a modern empire period . empire lost many territories in the frontline, the weakness of the central government governance results in unstable empire in Tan Zhi Matt reform of the empire during attempts at recombinant and empire lost many territories in the frontline, the weakness of the central government governance results in unstable empire in Tan Zhi Matt reform of the empire during attempts at recombinant and .
Tan Zhi Matt period, Turkey shall reply the foreign invasion, the empire you, began with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, the UK etc Tan Zhi Matt period, Turkey shall reply the foreign invasion, the empire you, began with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, the UK etc . in the Crimean war, Turkey joined forces with the UK, France and other countries to resist Russian in the Crimean war, Turkey joined forces with the UK, France and other countries to resist Russian .
Tan Zhi Matt period a series of constitutional reforms including the establishment of a modern army, and reform our banking system, modern factories replaced the SITCA Tan Zhi Matt period a series of constitutional reforms including the establishment of a modern army, and reform our banking system, modern factories replaced the SITCA . 1856,Hart - Didier to Ma's Act guaranteed all Ottoman citizens, regardless of race and creed, enjoyed equal status, 1839 - Hart Ai Ateeque Sharifi, the contents of the Act for a further expansion of the Christian 1856,Hart - Didier to Ma's Act guaranteed all Ottoman citizens, regardless of race and creed, enjoyed equal status, 1839 - Hart Ai Ateeque Sharifi, the contents of the Act for a further expansion of the Christian .
Millett enjoys privileges, such as the Armenian National Constitution of 1863 was the Diwan of the approval of the regulations, including the provisions of Article 150, by the Armenian intellectuals of the newly established Armenian National Assembly drafted a Millett enjoys privileges, such as the Armenian National Constitution of 1863 was the Diwan of the approval of the regulations, including the provisions of Article 150, by the Armenian intellectuals of the newly established Armenian National Assembly drafted a . Canning called El - Nino (Ottoman Turkish as" is the Basic Law of the People's Republic of China) Constitution that peaked during the reform period, the new Constitution by the Ottomans in the members of the Commission,1876 11 issued Apr. 23, is a liberal concept of equality and
This is the Ottoman Empire's" constitutional " This is the Ottoman Empire's" constitutional ". once Constitutional Period of Maintenance Period, is very short, but their thoughts (Ottoman) Turks have influence on the new reformist, the new Turks in western university - educated, they believe the monarchy; the Empire can solve the social problem of unstable once Constitutional Period of Maintenance Period, is very short, but their thoughts (Ottoman) Turks have influence on the new reformist, the new Turks in western university - educated, they believe the monarchy; the Empire can solve the social problem of unstable .
1876 of Turkey military coup deposed the monarchy, Abdul Aziz, Murad V, he succeeded to the throne, psychiatric problems, Murad V, who took over in a few months and then deposed 1876 of Turkey military coup deposed the monarchy, Abdul Aziz, Murad V, he succeeded to the throne, psychiatric problems, Murad V, who took over in a few months and then deposed . 23 December 1876, as expected,Succession of Abdul Hamid II declared a constitutional monarchy, however, the constitutional council and has been in operation for only two years of the monarchy, but had not been repealed, and under pressure, the Parliament re - convened, however Canning - Hermitian, west of effectiveness to be reduced to a minimum 23 December 1876, as expected,Succession of Abdul Hamid II declared a constitutional monarchy, however, the constitutional council and has been in operation for only two years of the monarchy, but had not been repealed, and under pressure, the Parliament re - convened, however Canning - Hermitian, west of effectiveness to be reduced to a minimum .
in the 19th century, the rise of nationalism swept through many countries, the Ottoman Empire, not just in the 19th century, the rise of nationalism swept through many countries, the Ottoman Empire, not just . in nationalism and civic nationalism consciousness of the growth of the western nationalism ideology to the Ottomans, the empire of nationalism at home and abroad to meet domestic in nationalism and civic nationalism consciousness of the growth of the western nationalism ideology to the Ottomans, the empire of nationalism at home and abroad to meet domestic .
hosted many revolutionary party hosted many revolutionary party . the rise of nationalism in the 19th century the empire had a far - reaching impact.also influences the turn of the 20th - century empire of statecraft
many Ottoman Turks questioned the then national policies, some people think racial conflict originating in the external, and unrelated to administrative many Ottoman Turks questioned the then national policies, some people think racial conflict originating in the external, and unrelated to administrative . empire at that time there was little of the achievements, addressing the ability of nationalism into question empire at that time there was little of the achievements, addressing the ability of nationalism into question .
in 1829, in Britain, France and Russia with the intervention of a Greek in the 1830s in the Greek War of Independence After independence in 1829, in Britain, France and Russia with the intervention of a Greek in the 1830s in the Greek War of Independence After independence . reform failed to inhibit the Danube and the large rise of the regionalism in the Principality of Serbia, has been in a semi - independent status reform failed to inhibit the Danube and the large rise of the regionalism in the Principality of Serbia, has been in a semi - independent status .
in 1875, Serbia, Montenegro,Wallachia and Moldova, which declared independence from the Empire in 1875, Serbia, Montenegro,Wallachia and Moldova, which declared independence from the Empire . independent from 1877 to 1878 in the Russo - Turkish War was formally established in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Montenegro's independence independent from 1877 to 1878 in the Russo - Turkish War was formally established in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Montenegro's independence .
Bosnia by Austria - Hungary occupied the rest of the Balkans still placed control of the Ottoman Turks Bosnia by Austria - Hungary occupied the rest of the Balkans still placed control of the Ottoman Turks . in this wave of anti - colonization, Serbs Jews Tat - Carlisle advocated the establishment of the Palestinian Jews of the kingdom and in this wave of anti - colonization, Serbs Jews Tat - Carlisle advocated the establishment of the Palestinian Jews of the kingdom and .
Turks in the Russo - Turkish war fail,Cyprus to the Ottoman Empire in exchange for the British in the Berlin conference in support of Turks in the Russo - Turkish war fail,Cyprus to the Ottoman Empire in exchange for the British in the Berlin conference in support of . in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte occupation of Egypt in 1801 by Ottoman and British forces recapture, in 1882, the British law and order problem as a pretext to occupy Egypt, under the law, in Egypt and Sudan remained as Ottoman provinces in North Africa is, in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte occupation of Egypt in 1801 by Ottoman and British forces recapture, in 1882, the British law and order problem as a pretext to occupy Egypt, under the law, in Egypt and Sudan remained as Ottoman provinces in North Africa is, .
until 1914 the First World War, the Ottoman Empire joined the Allies, the British annexation of Egypt and Sudan immediately until 1914 the First World War, the Ottoman Empire joined the Allies, the British annexation of Egypt and Sudan immediately . in 1830 and 1912, the Ottoman Empire in its northern provinces, namely Algeria (occupied by France in 1830),Tunisia (occupied by France in 1881) and Libya (1912) in 1830 and 1912, the Ottoman Empire in its northern provinces, namely Algeria (occupied by France in 1830),Tunisia (occupied by France in 1881) and Libya (1912) .
Empire occupation of Italy for failure to pay its loans to European banks, causing the Ottoman debt agency - - the Ottoman public debt management with the establishment of Empire occupation of Italy for failure to pay its loans to European banks, causing the Ottoman debt agency - - the Ottoman public debt management with the establishment of . the end of the 19th century, the Empire is not completely occupied by Western forces is due to the balance of power concept, Austria and Russia both hope to improve the fading of Turkey's influence and territorial expansion, but the British tried to restrain their worry, Russia will dominate the eastern Mediterranean the end of the 19th century, the Empire is not completely occupied by Western forces is due to the balance of power concept, Austria and Russia both hope to improve the fading of Turkey's influence and territorial expansion, but the British tried to restrain their worry, Russia will dominate the eastern Mediterranean .

Disintegration Of Empire

Turkish Revolution (1908) and the Sudan announced the rehabilitation of the line in 1876 constitution, reinstating his parliament only after the Ottoman Empire entered the Second Constitutional Period, the Ottoman Empire's disintegration is of great importance in the Turkish Revolution (1908) and the Sudan announced the rehabilitation of the line in 1876 constitution, reinstating his parliament only after the Ottoman Empire entered the Second Constitutional Period, the Ottoman Empire's disintegration is of great importance in the . in this period, the Administrative Commission for the Advancement of in this period, the Administrative Commission for the Advancement of .
are jointly controlled by Austria - Hungary by the Ottoman Empire, was caught in the domestic struggle in 1908 annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are jointly controlled by Austria - Hungary by the Ottoman Empire, was caught in the domestic struggle in 1908 annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . in the Italian - Turkish war of 1911, the Ottoman Empire lost a Tripoli and Cyrenaica in the Italian - Turkish war of 1911, the Ottoman Empire lost a Tripoli and Cyrenaica .
With nationalism on the rise of the countries of South - Eastern Europe, the Balkan League in 1912 to the late Ottoman Empire,In the war against the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans in addition to the lost eastern Thrace and the Balkans territory outside of Edirne With nationalism on the rise of the countries of South - Eastern Europe, the Balkan League in 1912 to the late Ottoman Empire,In the war against the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans in addition to the lost eastern Thrace and the Balkans territory outside of Edirne . German control of the Baghdad Railway became the source of international tensions, the First World War to the German control of the Baghdad Railway became the source of international tensions, the First World War to the .
Turkey in pursuit of the Raleigh number cloth and tired, Slough, and in the Middle East after formally entering the war fronts Turkey in pursuit of the Raleigh number cloth and tired, Slough, and in the Middle East after formally entering the war fronts . in the early stages of the war, the Ottoman Empire achieved many important victories, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kolkata in the early stages of the war, the Ottoman Empire achieved many important victories, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kolkata .
Ottoman Empire also suffered setbacks,As in the Battle of the Caucasus defeated Russia to Ottoman Empire also suffered setbacks,As in the Battle of the Caucasus defeated Russia to . 1916 Arab Revolt and let the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East had experienced a period of good reverse the ' 1916 Arab Revolt and let the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East had experienced a period of good reverse the '.
Interior Minister Mohamed Talat on the domestic Turkish Armenians expressed concern regarding the possible establishment of the Fifth Column, ordered the arrest of the leaders of Armenia, it is demanded to implement a Tessier, began mass deportations and massacres of Armenians, and forced thousands of people in the Syrian desert camp, the event turned Interior Minister Mohamed Talat on the domestic Turkish Armenians expressed concern regarding the possible establishment of the Fifth Column, ordered the arrest of the leaders of Armenia, it is demanded to implement a Tessier, began mass deportations and massacres of Armenians, and forced thousands of people in the Syrian desert camp, the event turned . genocide in the war when an estimated 1.5 million Armenians due to famine, water scarcity, insolation, thieves loot of death,
is the Armenian genocide Armenians in Van and to resist the war and the establishment of the West of the Government of Armenia responded is the Armenian genocide Armenians in Van and to resist the war and the establishment of the West of the Government of Armenia responded . Turkey accused the Armenians in Anatolia west collaborates with the invasion of the Russian army, Russian troops down there in the middle of the Armenian volunteers Turkey accused the Armenians in Anatolia west collaborates with the invasion of the Russian army, Russian troops down there in the middle of the Armenian volunteers .
to 1918, Medina, Yemen and Turkey is the only territory in the Arabian Peninsula, "Mu los armistice signed after Turkey forced to relinquish control of Yemen and Medina, while in 1917 after the Russian Revolution the turks in Georgia,Armenia and Azerbaijan are required or permitted to surrender to 1918, Medina, Yemen and Turkey is the only territory in the Arabian Peninsula, "Mu los armistice signed after Turkey forced to relinquish control of Yemen and Medina, while in 1917 after the Russian Revolution the turks in Georgia,Armenia and Azerbaijan are required or permitted to surrender . Treaty "of the treaty established the current split Treaty "of the treaty established the current split .
of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire established the new nation is up to 40 (including the controversial Northern Cyprus) of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire established the new nation is up to 40 (including the controversial Northern Cyprus) . postwar Anatolian farmers before the war and only the selling price, the major casualties of the First World War Turkey postwar Anatolian farmers before the war and only the selling price, the major casualties of the First World War Turkey .
occupied Istanbul and Izmir occupation which makes the establishment of the Turkish national movement, in the national movement, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, under the leadership of the Turkish War of Independence in 1922 won occupied Istanbul and Izmir occupation which makes the establishment of the Turkish national movement, in the national movement, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, under the leadership of the Turkish War of Independence in 1922 won . 1 November, the Sudanese system is abolished,the last monarch, Mohammed VI on 17 November in the newly - established 1 November, the Sudanese system is abolished,the last monarch, Mohammed VI on 17 November in the newly - established .
left the Turkish Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1923 following the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne "internationally recognized left the Turkish Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1923 following the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne "internationally recognized . 29 October 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the founding of the 29 October 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the founding of the .
3 March 1924, the caliphate was abolished by the Ottoman imperial system 3 March 1924, the caliphate was abolished by the Ottoman imperial system . is an undesirable person and expelled is an undesirable person and expelled .
50 years later, in 1974, the Grand National Assembly prior to the permission of the Ottoman royal descendants acquired Turkish citizenship 50 years later, in 1974, the Grand National Assembly prior to the permission of the Ottoman royal descendants acquired Turkish citizenship . the degeneration of the Ottoman Empire was due to a collapse of its economic structure,and due to the vastness of the failed economic integration across the the degeneration of the Ottoman Empire was due to a collapse of its economic structure,and due to the vastness of the failed economic integration across the .
In addition, the empire of communications technology is not sufficient to link all In addition, the empire of communications technology is not sufficient to link all . Ottoman territory the degeneration of the environment with the fall of the Roman Empire is similar, in particular domestic inter - ethnic tensions and the failure of the Government to reconcile racial Ottoman territory the degeneration of the environment with the fall of the Roman Empire is similar, in particular domestic inter - ethnic tensions and the failure of the Government to reconcile racial .
Tan Zhi Matt performed the operation on the improvement of the status of cultural rights, civil liberties and parliamentary reform, which turned out to be too late, failed to stop at the beginning of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism and national division of Tan Zhi Matt performed the operation on the improvement of the status of cultural rights, civil liberties and parliamentary reform, which turned out to be too late, failed to stop at the beginning of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism and national division of .

Political

National System

unity of the Ottoman Empire for military and military centralization feudal country, maintains a complete centralization of administrative that unity of the Ottoman Empire for military and military centralization feudal country, maintains a complete centralization of administrative that . Islam as state religion, the supreme ruler of Sudan, is thought to be the ruler of the empire Islam as state religion, the supreme ruler of Sudan, is thought to be the ruler of the empire .
central agency has the grand viziers (prime minister), the Sudan and the military administrative management consists of two central agency has the grand viziers (prime minister), the Sudan and the military administrative management consists of two . Wazir, who is responsible for the judicial and fiscal, as well as Lord Chancellor a human years? Wazir, who is responsible for the judicial and fiscal, as well as Lord Chancellor a human years? .
If you want to, they will see the country phase, on the spot to break India with If you want to, they will see the country phase, on the spot to break India with . heyday, the country is divided into 31 provinces, 250 counties, and to the enjoyment of any land to Sudanese - led central government of the empire,Taking military service is conferred subject to such conditions as the military landowning class with the heyday, the country is divided into 31 provinces, 250 counties, and to the enjoyment of any land to Sudanese - led central government of the empire,Taking military service is conferred subject to such conditions as the military landowning class with the .
Ottoman Empire State is a fairly simple construction, can be divided into military and civilian agencies in Sudan Ottoman Empire State is a fairly simple construction, can be divided into military and civilian agencies in Sudan . highest eminence of highest eminence of .
Home system is with the administration of the Ottoman Turks Home system is with the administration of the Ottoman Turks . operating systems can manage religious scholars such as Justice, some of the imams operating systems can manage religious scholars such as Justice, some of the imams .
Turkey (the Ottoman administrative tradition still plays an important role to Turkey (the Ottoman administrative tradition still plays an important role to . Ottoman rulers believe that primary responsibility is to defend the Empire and expanded muslim territory, to ensure that Sunni sharia law and the sovereignty of the dominant norm of peace security Ottoman rulers believe that primary responsibility is to defend the Empire and expanded muslim territory, to ensure that Sunni sharia law and the sovereignty of the dominant norm of peace security .
the ottoman,the organ of a State to "of Ottoman royal family", and has larger scale and lasting in the Islamic world in unprecedented the ottoman,the organ of a State to "of Ottoman royal family", and has larger scale and lasting in the Islamic world in unprecedented . Ottoman royal ethnically Turkish - descent, but due to the imperial clan and the people of different races to intermarry, so that the Ottoman Turks dominated by the royal not pure Islam Ottoman royal ethnically Turkish - descent, but due to the imperial clan and the people of different races to intermarry, so that the Ottoman Turks dominated by the royal not pure Islam .
status is the highest in the identity of the Caliph (successor to the Prophet Muhammad) are also employed by the Ottoman sultans, the caliph was the Ottoman Empire, is three years (with the exception of the orthodox caliphate, the first non - descendant of Hashim clan (the Prophet), who held the heart of man,within the Muslim world in a more powerful Ottoman Empire Sultan status is the highest in the identity of the Caliph (successor to the Prophet Muhammad) are also employed by the Ottoman sultans, the caliph was the Ottoman Empire, is three years (with the exception of the orthodox caliphate, the first non - descendant of Hashim clan (the Prophet), who held the heart of man,within the Muslim world in a more powerful Ottoman Empire Sultan . is the sole regent, who may be considered as the avatar of the government, even though Sudan does not fully exercise its powers under the Empire and the Ottoman palace harem is the sole regent, who may be considered as the avatar of the government, even though Sudan does not fully exercise its powers under the Empire and the Ottoman palace harem .
is a fairly important organ of the Sudan by the empress dowager, Empress Dowager She is in charge of is a fairly important organ of the Sudan by the empress dowager, Empress Dowager She is in charge of . absolute power in the harem has a noble status absolute power in the harem has a noble status .
sometimes, Sudan will empress meddling in state affairs, using its influence to weaken the powers of Sudan sometimes, Sudan will empress meddling in state affairs, using its influence to weaken the powers of Sudan . at the beginning of the sixteenth century to the 17th century, Sultan empress dowager is in power,Sudan called feminist era at the beginning of the sixteenth century to the 17th century, Sultan empress dowager is in power,Sudan called feminist era .
is the successor to the Sudan by the Sudanese former son amongst the is the successor to the Sudan by the Sudanese former son amongst the . imperial school a strong education system can be ruled out, and you're incapable of Sudanese descent, and is the successor to nurture political talent imperial school a strong education system can be ruled out, and you're incapable of Sudanese descent, and is the successor to nurture political talent .
Empire - track schools to operate in the manner of a traditional Islamic school Empire - track schools to operate in the manner of a traditional Islamic school . Muslim intellectuals and to train national officials so that poor families of the children also have the opportunity to raise the social status and income, as well as those at Muslim intellectuals and to train national officials so that poor families of the children also have the opportunity to raise the social status and income, as well as those at .
Christian boarding school, Ende, and within a year in 7 - to 14 - year - old boys recruited 3,000 Christians being the one to read, in a process known as the Demi Shemei Dev (6,75), not including the orphan, the only son, married,business families, Jews, Russians and pastor of children Christian boarding school, Ende, and within a year in 7 - to 14 - year - old boys recruited 3,000 Christians being the one to read, in a process known as the Demi Shemei Dev (6,75), not including the orphan, the only son, married,business families, Jews, Russians and pastor of children . While the Sudan is a sovereign emperor, Sudan's political and administrative powers will be divided by While the Sudan is a sovereign emperor, Sudan's political and administrative powers will be divided by .
E - government advisers and ministers meeting consisting of Diwan (after the 17th century, was renamed the Porter) E - government advisers and ministers meeting consisting of Diwan (after the 17th century, was renamed the Porter) . when Ottoman Empire still is Bei Lalique's time, Diwan by the Turkic nobility leaders, later giving way to the officers and regional backbone (such as religious and political adviser) when Ottoman Empire still is Bei Lalique's time, Diwan by the Turkic nobility leaders, later giving way to the officers and regional backbone (such as religious and political adviser) .
began in 1320, the Sultan appointed grand viziers were made by the representatives of the Sudan exercised began in 1320, the Sultan appointed grand viziers were made by the representatives of the Sudan exercised . grand viziers in large part to act independently, there is virtually no limit to the appointment, dismissal and supervision powers grand viziers in large part to act independently, there is virtually no limit to the appointment, dismissal and supervision powers .
the end of the 16th century,Sudan is no longer involved in government affairs, grand viziers effectively became heads of the end of the 16th century,Sudan is no longer involved in government affairs, grand viziers effectively became heads of . in Ottoman history, regional governors in many times to act independently, even against the will of the ruler in Ottoman history, regional governors in many times to act independently, even against the will of the ruler .
1908 Young Turks revolution after the outbreak, the Ottoman Empire became a constitutional monarchy, the Sultan had no powers, the establishment of a parliament, deputies elected by the people's governments of provinces, which are composed of representatives of the Ottoman Turkish government 1908 Young Turks revolution after the outbreak, the Ottoman Empire became a constitutional monarchy, the Sultan had no powers, the establishment of a parliament, deputies elected by the people's governments of provinces, which are composed of representatives of the Ottoman Turkish government . expanding rapidly across the empire to be loyal, prudent governance of talent, and countries that Albanians, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Armenians, Serbs, Bosnians,Other ethnic Hungarians or expanding rapidly across the empire to be loyal, prudent governance of talent, and countries that Albanians, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Armenians, Serbs, Bosnians,Other ethnic Hungarians or .
empire regardless of their religious background of appointment, greeks, muslims, and jews empire regardless of their religious background of appointment, greeks, muslims, and jews . administrative system reform administrative system reform.

State Institutions

Ottoman Empire's unity and military regimes, which have both of the polity of Sharia Islamic law to recognize the color Ottoman Empire's unity and military regimes, which have both of the polity of Sharia Islamic law to recognize the color . .
one of the political system of state power must conform to the spirit of the Sharia, (i.e. the Heads of State of the Caliph, Sultan, Emir of the State, etc.) must also follow the rule of Islamic State to about 9 ~ 10 century, Abbasid dynasty by Sunni jurists proposed, after the eminent Islamic rulers accepted by wine, become a practice to to about 9 ~ 10 century, Abbasid dynasty by Sunni jurists proposed, after the eminent Islamic rulers accepted by wine, become a practice to .
jurists have argued that this said, intended to be a national of the Islamic regime legitimacy authority to provide a theoretical basis, with a view to reconciling the growing feudal,secularization of the State government, with the divine law of contradiction, emphasize the sanctity of the Sharia but is applicable to the jurists have argued that this said, intended to be a national of the Islamic regime legitimacy authority to provide a theoretical basis, with a view to reconciling the growing feudal,secularization of the State government, with the divine law of contradiction, emphasize the sanctity of the Sharia but is applicable to the . this political theory believe that Sharia system enacted by Allah, as a prior at - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, the eternal law, while the integrity of the country as a social organization, for the purpose of implementing God's statutes, maintaining Muslim citizens from this life and afterlife happiness consists of a community (i.e. Uma)
so only to divine law is the foundation of the national polities has, in order to comply with the spirit of Islam, its model is founded by Muhammad in Medina theocracy,i.e. orthodox caliphate under the Umayyad dynasty from but 66l (750), the Head of State is still referred to as Caliph, their functions are different from the early years of the caliphate, its constitution also distinguishes them from Medina theocracy but 66l (750), the Head of State is still referred to as Caliph, their functions are different from the early years of the caliphate, its constitution also distinguishes them from Medina theocracy .
To defend Islam's sacred nature, purity and continuity, jurists were later put forward a systematic theory of the Caliphate, and Caliph of qualification, functions, etc. of the People's Republic of China on the Method for the introduction of a number of principles, which considered the caliph as" God's Servant ", the need to respect the Islamic Sharia law,Sharia permits only within a limited range of the exercise of these powers . The main legislative powers, including the enactment of the decree, to formulate administrative regulations, determine the state of the administrative divisions of the appointments and removals of officials like
but all these administrative legislation in theory is seen as an application of the Sharia and supplement, not contrary to the spirit of the Sharia but all these administrative legislation in theory is seen as an application of the Sharia and supplement, not contrary to the spirit of the Sharia . jurists believe that Sharia is governed by a system that is a limitation of the monarchy, but is just a sort of moral restriction, as long as the monarchs, and nominally declared allegiance to Sharia, can legally exercise their authority on the history of jurists believe that Sharia is governed by a system that is a limitation of the monarchy, but is just a sort of moral restriction, as long as the monarchs, and nominally declared allegiance to Sharia, can legally exercise their authority on the history of .
monarchs often takes the conclusion as to promulgate administrative regulations,As the famous" Ottoman Regulation monarchs often takes the conclusion as to promulgate administrative regulations,As the famous" Ottoman Regulation . since modern times, and often the decree and regulations promulgated thereunder, and limited by Shari 'ah court of judicial, administrative and legislative means of Shariah that the revisions to the entity since modern times, and often the decree and regulations promulgated thereunder, and limited by Shari 'ah court of judicial, administrative and legislative means of Shariah that the revisions to the entity .

Legal System

Muslim countries and most of the hereditary principle, in the Ottoman empire, only to take most of the judicial system and its legitimacy is not conflict Islamic Sharia law, organized a regional jurisprudence Muslim countries and most of the hereditary principle, in the Ottoman empire, only to take most of the judicial system and its legitimacy is not conflict Islamic Sharia law, organized a regional jurisprudence . of the Ottoman Empire, the administration of justice is to balance central and local power, an important part of of the Ottoman Empire, the administration of justice is to balance central and local power, an important part of .
imperial power and land rights management Xixi related to regional authorities need space to build a regional millet imperial power and land rights management Xixi related to regional authorities need space to build a regional millet . intricacies of Ottoman jurisdiction is for the integration of different cultures and religions, have a total of three imperial court system, non - Muslims and Muslims each account for one and non - Muslims, Jews and Christians under the jurisdiction of the religious community,Another is trade court intricacies of Ottoman jurisdiction is for the integration of different cultures and religions, have a total of three imperial court system, non - Muslims and Muslims each account for one and non - Muslims, Jews and Christians under the jurisdiction of the religious community,Another is trade court .
The entire system is Caron and regulations to regulate, in addition, the card Long regulations are not part of any sect of the law, to complement the Sharia laws and regulations of the "inadequate" courts at the The entire system is Caron and regulations to regulate, in addition, the card Long regulations are not part of any sect of the law, to complement the Sharia laws and regulations of the "inadequate" courts at the . these classification categories of luminance values, is not entirely dedicated, such as in the main court of the Empire to a Muslim court, may deal with different religious backgrounds of the parties to the proceedings of the trade dispute even these classification categories of luminance values, is not entirely dedicated, such as in the main court of the Empire to a Muslim court, may deal with different religious backgrounds of the parties to the proceedings of the trade dispute even .
rulers to exert its influence through the region, the Ottoman Empire, tended to intervene in non - Muslim religious legal system of Sharia laws and regulations of Islam rulers to exert its influence through the region, the Ottoman Empire, tended to intervene in non - Muslim religious legal system of Sharia laws and regulations of Islam . drew on the Koran, Hadith of the Prophet (Muhammad), Muslim public opinion,by one called as a member of the family of operating systems) drew on the Koran, Hadith of the Prophet (Muhammad), Muslim public opinion,by one called as a member of the family of operating systems) .
located mainly in Constantinople and Bursa of the School of Law professor will these system located mainly in Constantinople and Bursa of the School of Law professor will these system . Tan Zhi Matt reform of the legal system to produce the complete effect Tan Zhi Matt reform of the legal system to produce the complete effect .
1877, France are included in the statute book for Mai Jila 1877, France are included in the statute book for Mai Jila . later, including the statute book for Mai Jila Commercial Law, Criminal Law and Civil Procedure later, including the statute book for Mai Jila Commercial Law, Criminal Law and Civil Procedure .

Military

Ottoman Empire, the first military organization is the late 13th century by Osman I in Anatolia west of tribe organization of Ottoman Empire, the first military organization is the late 13th century by Osman I in Anatolia west of tribe organization of . As the empire grew, the military is more and more complicated, it has a complicated system of recruiting and fief of Ottoman Empire As the empire grew, the military is more and more complicated, it has a complicated system of recruiting and fief of Ottoman Empire .
vast territory, numerous nationalities, maintain order, the guards at the border defense task all by provincial garrisons bear is a very long way to vast territory, numerous nationalities, maintain order, the guards at the border defense task all by provincial garrisons bear is a very long way to . to meet military needs, must be used by locals to build up a militia system, which is of Derbent (which translates to "guarding the road" to meet military needs, must be used by locals to build up a militia system, which is of Derbent (which translates to "guarding the road".
vassal to vassal) Guard Army troops of the Turkish vassal in Ostend in his conquest, and plays an irreplaceable role, its importance exceeds the human imagination: from the second half of the 14th century to the early 15th century, they constituted the even vassal to vassal) Guard Army troops of the Turkish vassal in Ostend in his conquest, and plays an irreplaceable role, its importance exceeds the human imagination: from the second half of the 14th century to the early 15th century, they constituted the even . in the Ottoman army and conquered much of the Ottomans in the local control is limited to the center of the city, town and village of feudal suzerainty were transferred to the new master after the business - as - usual in the Ottoman army and conquered much of the Ottomans in the local control is limited to the center of the city, town and village of feudal suzerainty were transferred to the new master after the business - as - usual .
until the mid - 15th century, the Ottomans in the south of the Balkans is forcibly established a direct and effective administrative and military rule, because the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, is assured,They continue on without the Huairou;while the local Christian princes of Europe in the face of Crusaders, many times set off a rebellion, the Sudan has also rendered unreliable until the mid - 15th century, the Ottomans in the south of the Balkans is forcibly established a direct and effective administrative and military rule, because the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, is assured,They continue on without the Huairou;while the local Christian princes of Europe in the face of Crusaders, many times set off a rebellion, the Sudan has also rendered unreliable . many feudal princes of the children in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in Istanbul Mutt Hazarika Philippine Cavalry served as a member of this Legion is also absorbed by the Turkish nobleman's descendant, the card is a bank for a troop strength of Lu Fei many feudal princes of the children in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in Istanbul Mutt Hazarika Philippine Cavalry served as a member of this Legion is also absorbed by the Turkish nobleman's descendant, the card is a bank for a troop strength of Lu Fei .
Mundt Hazarika to pay for a living, there is a uniform and accepted by the orthodox Islamic courtly education for service, while he acts as a hostage of the Mundt Hazarika to pay for a living, there is a uniform and accepted by the orthodox Islamic courtly education for service, while he acts as a hostage of the . character of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia is the most important of three Ottoman vassal Christian character of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia is the most important of three Ottoman vassal Christian .
except by the local feudal princes' army,at the expense of the Frazier nomads Balkan vassal is also a very important role in the work force, although their homeless, adrift, but also bear the obligations of a vassal, to provide infantry and cavalry except by the local feudal princes' army,at the expense of the Frazier nomads Balkan vassal is also a very important role in the work force, although their homeless, adrift, but also bear the obligations of a vassal, to provide infantry and cavalry . Eastern Moldavia and the Crimean Khanate border Eastern Moldavia and the Crimean Khanate border .
300 years since, the Crimean Tatars, Ottoman Turkey has been a staunch ally and vassal, had no armor of Qingqi Tatar archer is very competent and harassing enemy task 300 years since, the Crimean Tatars, Ottoman Turkey has been a staunch ally and vassal, had no armor of Qingqi Tatar archer is very competent and harassing enemy task . trailblazer of Crimean Khanate rather poverty, war, pillage and trophies to eager, if required, the Tatar tribes all the male members of the flock,Even though many people don't even afford a horses trailblazer of Crimean Khanate rather poverty, war, pillage and trophies to eager, if required, the Tatar tribes all the male members of the flock,Even though many people don't even afford a horses .
tartare of professional soldiers has been called europe in the Qur 'an, they are few in number, the aristocrats Mirza served as military commander of the Praetorians, tartare of professional soldiers has been called europe in the Qur 'an, they are few in number, the aristocrats Mirza served as military commander of the Praetorians, . except the Crimean Khan also owns 20 squad of mounted infantry, armed with muskets, Wang from the immediate territory of the village recruited except the Crimean Khan also owns 20 squad of mounted infantry, armed with muskets, Wang from the immediate territory of the village recruited .
Tartar's bow powerful, before the 18th century, its range and the effectiveness of a musket over even more lethal, not inferior, particularly intensive systems of the type of foot soldiers, the shooter of arrows Tatar attacks and threats on account of the great Tartar's bow powerful, before the 18th century, its range and the effectiveness of a musket over even more lethal, not inferior, particularly intensive systems of the type of foot soldiers, the shooter of arrows Tatar attacks and threats on account of the great . found in open grassland in Russia, the Tatars, feeding the poly,often harassed and plundered their neighbors the Cossacks, robbed them of their women and children sold as slaves found in open grassland in Russia, the Tatars, feeding the poly,often harassed and plundered their neighbors the Cossacks, robbed them of their women and children sold as slaves .
Cossacks also occasionally as a war in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, with the use of lightweight cart migration of Tatars, unlike their carriage with four wheels, big and heavy, the cart may be connected end to end to form array, light artillery and arquebus protected Cossacks also occasionally as a war in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, with the use of lightweight cart migration of Tatars, unlike their carriage with four wheels, big and heavy, the cart may be connected end to end to form array, light artillery and arquebus protected . on the water, but also the skill of the Cossacks, the Cossacks of Ukraine is dominated by river canoe on the water, but also the skill of the Cossacks, the Cossacks of Ukraine is dominated by river canoe .
Anatolian plateau east of the Kurds is the closest to the heart of the Empire autonomous vassal Anatolian plateau east of the Kurds is the closest to the heart of the Empire autonomous vassal . they originally allied with the Persian Safavids against the Ottoman Turkey,But Carl Dylan Battle (1514) with his army and defeat Sima Yi I, and, for the Kurdish tribal elders in the store to the empire's they originally allied with the Persian Safavids against the Ottoman Turkey,But Carl Dylan Battle (1514) with his army and defeat Sima Yi I, and, for the Kurdish tribal elders in the store to the empire's .
thereafter, empire, this created a dedicated library Hu Mette Sandjak, by hereditary Bey in charge of managing, and regulating color in Yenikapi stationed in the center of the town in thereafter, empire, this created a dedicated library Hu Mette Sandjak, by hereditary Bey in charge of managing, and regulating color in Yenikapi stationed in the center of the town in . Kurds valiant, valiant and their usual nomadic, in the Sudan will be convened at Yenikapi in color take with him to bear the important task and Kurds valiant, valiant and their usual nomadic, in the Sudan will be convened at Yenikapi in color take with him to bear the important task and .
, for example, in the 1596 expedition once worked as a barber in Kiel (in present - day eastern Turkey,Kurdish zone in the capital of the Kurdish cavalry had Ottoman army rear , for example, in the 1596 expedition once worked as a barber in Kiel (in present - day eastern Turkey,Kurdish zone in the capital of the Kurdish cavalry had Ottoman army rear . other vassal of the autonomous regime in the Middle East and Lebanon maloney Pentecostals and Druze Muslims, the Mamluks of Egypt and Iraq, the Arabian Gulf and the coast of Eritrea was at the semi - autonomous state in which the center of town, but has colour in Yenikapi barracks, marked the sovereignty of the Ottoman government other vassal of the autonomous regime in the Middle East and Lebanon maloney Pentecostals and Druze Muslims, the Mamluks of Egypt and Iraq, the Arabian Gulf and the coast of Eritrea was at the semi - autonomous state in which the center of town, but has colour in Yenikapi barracks, marked the sovereignty of the Ottoman government .
except for military service, vassalage of these natural resources in the area for the Ottoman Empire also has a vital role, for example, Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia wood supply, muskets, horses, rope and tin;Kurdistan, Iraq and Lebanon which provides a flowscheme of a bitumen, sulphur and nitrate except for military service, vassalage of these natural resources in the area for the Ottoman Empire also has a vital role, for example, Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia wood supply, muskets, horses, rope and tin;Kurdistan, Iraq and Lebanon which provides a flowscheme of a bitumen, sulphur and nitrate .

Army

Ottoman Turkish army with main forces of the Forces nouvelles, Sipahi, Gensler, and Ottoman troops in marching band Ottoman Turkish army with main forces of the Forces nouvelles, Sipahi, Gensler, and Ottoman troops in marching band . was then the world's most advanced combat troops, was the first to use muskets and cannons of was then the world's most advanced combat troops, was the first to use muskets and cannons of .
army at the siege of Constantinople, the Ottomans began to use Falcon, a short broad army at the siege of Constantinople, the Ottomans began to use Falcon, a short broad . cannon of high speed, high mobility of cavalry using bows, swords, horses, and ride in the Turkmen and Arab fighters on horseback, and without his heavy armor, powerful, well - disciplined heavy cavalry forces wearing heavy armor, the most critical when the enemy launched a strong attack cannon of high speed, high mobility of cavalry using bows, swords, horses, and ride in the Turkmen and Arab fighters on horseback, and without his heavy armor, powerful, well - disciplined heavy cavalry forces wearing heavy armor, the most critical when the enemy launched a strong attack .
the combat mode and similar to the Mongol Empire, such as feigned retreat,to crescent - shaped formation surrounded by the enemy, to launch raids the combat mode and similar to the Mongol Empire, such as feigned retreat,to crescent - shaped formation surrounded by the enemy, to launch raids . in the 17th century and after the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman Army's performance decline in the 17th century and after the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman Army's performance decline .
in the 18th century, the Ottoman Army in Austria's wars have little accomplishment, in the north, the Russians are also forced to retreat, losing territory in the 18th century, the Ottoman Army in Austria's wars have little accomplishment, in the north, the Russians are also forced to retreat, losing territory . 19th century Ottoman modernization of military 19th century Ottoman modernization of military .
began in 1826, the Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Turkish Forces nouvelles, the establishment of a modern army, named the New Order began in 1826, the Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Turkish Forces nouvelles, the establishment of a modern army, named the New Order . Ottoman Army was the first to hire foreign experts and military officers to Western Europe, the organization of learning Ottoman Army was the first to hire foreign experts and military officers to Western Europe, the organization of learning .
those relatively young,receiving new training moved back to Turkey after he begins training of young Turks moving those relatively young,receiving new training moved back to Turkey after he begins training of young Turks moving .

Navy

Turkish Naval Forces in European Expansion for the Empire for his contributions to naval conquest of 1517 in North Africa, including Algeria, Egypt and Algeria in Turkish Naval Forces in European Expansion for the Empire for his contributions to naval conquest of 1517 in North Africa, including Algeria, Egypt and Algeria in . after the fall of Greece, Turkey and the maritime forces in overseas areas of control weakened Turkey after the fall of Greece, Turkey and the maritime forces in overseas areas of control weakened Turkey .
monarch Abdul Aziz's attempt to rebuild a powerful navy, its scale is the United Kingdom, France, the UK's largest after monarch Abdul Aziz's attempt to rebuild a powerful navy, its scale is the United Kingdom, France, the UK's largest after . Barrow shipyard in 1886 built the first submarine Barrow shipyard in 1886 built the first submarine .
but the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the collapse of the economy failed to support its Navy but the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the collapse of the economy failed to support its Navy . Sultan Abdul Hamid II did not trust the Navy, arguing that large - scale,expensive navy in the Russo - Turkish Wars in useless so he became the majority of the battleships were locked in the Golden Horn, the warship, and after three decades gradually rotting Sultan Abdul Hamid II did not trust the Navy, arguing that large - scale,expensive navy in the Russo - Turkish Wars in useless so he became the majority of the battleships were locked in the Golden Horn, the warship, and after three decades gradually rotting .
in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution, joint progress committee were to develop a powerful navy strength in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution, joint progress committee were to develop a powerful navy strength . Turkish Navy is an offer to collect public donations to buy ships established Turkish Navy is an offer to collect public donations to buy ships established .

Air Force

Turkish Air Force in June 1909 and is the world's first flying Combat (Turkish Air Force in June 1909 and is the world's first flying Combat (. 1912 on Jul. 3, the establishment of the Turkish Air Force Academy, undertook the training of pilots, and Air Force
Air Force training institute established to accelerate the process of strengthening the air force, so that more manpower to staff where Air Force training institute established to accelerate the process of strengthening the air force, so that more manpower to staff where . May 1913, the Air Force Academy about first - world reconnaissance training plan, and established the first reconnaissance unit at May 1913, the Air Force Academy about first - world reconnaissance training plan, and established the first reconnaissance unit at .
in June 1914, a new Naval Academy in June 1914, a new Naval Academy . of the First World War, the modernization process to stop, as part of the frontline in the war, to the west of Galicia, in the East and the Caucasus, of the First World War, the modernization process to stop, as part of the frontline in the war, to the west of Galicia, in the East and the Caucasus,.
south Yemen south Yemen.

Economic

per - capital in the Ottoman Empire, all of the overhaul of the local economy, making it the New Deal by per - capital in the Ottoman Empire, all of the overhaul of the local economy, making it the New Deal by . center such as Bursa, Edirne (Adrianople), Istanbul, everywhere center such as Bursa, Edirne (Adrianople), Istanbul, everywhere .
due to businessmen and workers is particularly important for the creation of the Metropolitan, sensing that their heirs prisoner II encouraged across Europe's Jews to emigrate to Istanbul or other cities, such as Veronica etc, while in many parts of Europe, persecution of Jews by Christians due to businessmen and workers is particularly important for the creation of the Metropolitan, sensing that their heirs prisoner II encouraged across Europe's Jews to emigrate to Istanbul or other cities, such as Veronica etc, while in many parts of Europe, persecution of Jews by Christians . its economic policies and the objectives of the final exercise of the powers which were made to consolidate and expand, especially production of class interests, so as to cause the Wealthyso that the productive its economic policies and the objectives of the final exercise of the powers which were made to consolidate and expand, especially production of class interests, so as to cause the Wealthyso that the productive .
Empire on the other hand, and can lessen the chaos, so that the peoples obedience, Qingping Empire on the other hand, and can lessen the chaos, so that the peoples obedience, Qingping . Empire until the 17th century, the Ottoman treasury management and the rule of law in all the leading peer, the Islamic world has been made and there is free, and highly trained of their financial expertise also led to the development of these organizations have emerged with Empire until the 17th century, the Ottoman treasury management and the rule of law in all the leading peer, the Islamic world has been made and there is free, and highly trained of their financial expertise also led to the development of these organizations have emerged with .
of bureaucratic instruments, part of the education of prominent religious leaders to enable them to become professional bodies, many Ottoman statesman of success is based on the amount of the professional bodies of Ji of bureaucratic instruments, part of the education of prominent religious leaders to enable them to become professional bodies, many Ottoman statesman of success is based on the amount of the professional bodies of Ji . empire of the economic structure by geographical factors, the imperial trade something in the throat,"blocking the European land transport to the east, forcing the Spanish and Portuguese navigators or sea and travelling to the Orient empire of the economic structure by geographical factors, the imperial trade something in the throat,"blocking the European land transport to the east, forcing the Spanish and Portuguese navigators or sea and travelling to the Orient .
Empire also controlled the Marco Polo used spice route legitimate Empire also controlled the Marco Polo used spice route legitimate . Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492, Turkey finds itself at the peak of the country, its economic clout across three continents Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492, Turkey finds itself at the peak of the country, its economic clout across three continents .
modern scholars believe that the study of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the relations between the EU and the transformation is down to the sea lanes open, opening the way to the Middle East and Western Europe around the Mediterranean ocean route, so that the importance of land, resulting in the decline of empire modern scholars believe that the study of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the relations between the EU and the transformation is down to the sea lanes open, opening the way to the Middle East and Western Europe around the Mediterranean ocean route, so that the importance of land, resulting in the decline of empire ." The Anglo - Ottoman Treaty ",aka "Balta Liman Treaty of Liman, Turkey will open its market to the UK and France, have slowed its fading " The Anglo - Ottoman Treaty ",aka "Balta Liman Treaty of Liman, Turkey will open its market to the UK and France, have slowed its fading .
Even so, it is still encouraging towns to develop on its own, by expanding the field, to the undeveloped land, to attract more population, an increase in productivity, result in the development of financial centers to remain competitive, has made a number of modern capitalism, Even so, it is still encouraging towns to develop on its own, by expanding the field, to the undeveloped land, to attract more population, an increase in productivity, result in the development of financial centers to remain competitive, has made a number of modern capitalism, . shadow shadow.

Social

Ottoman social structure to Millett meta - population diversity Ottoman social structure to Millett meta - population diversity . Millett is a religious organization, the Ottoman Empire under the rule of the establishment of their own community, in the Sudan under the protection of the retain religious laws, traditions and language Millett is a religious organization, the Ottoman Empire under the rule of the establishment of their own community, in the Sudan under the protection of the retain religious laws, traditions and language .
Millett system is the key to long - term stability in the early empire Millett system is the key to long - term stability in the early empire . Mehmed II's reign, Fofana, who has enjoyed many rights, Empire welcomed the Jewish settlement, the empire and ethnic differences have a relatively higher level of tolerance, the ability to eliminate apartheid, However, Millette's Bank of China, and there is no assimilation capacityin such a way that the rise of nationalism and became one of the weaknesses of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II's reign, Fofana, who has enjoyed many rights, Empire welcomed the Jewish settlement, the empire and ethnic differences have a relatively higher level of tolerance, the ability to eliminate apartheid, However, Millette's Bank of China, and there is no assimilation capacityin such a way that the rise of nationalism and became one of the weaknesses of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire .
Osman and primary and secondary failure of policies on Osman and primary and secondary failure of policies on . Constitutional Period Constitutional Period.

Relations With China

Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rise of the Seljuk Turks, into the present - day Turkey, Iran, Iraq added the range Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rise of the Seljuk Turks, into the present - day Turkey, Iran, Iraq added the range . 1221, the Mongol Empire destroyed the Khwarezmian of Merv, forces threat to Asia Minor, Roma Sudan came under pressure to start 1221, the Mongol Empire destroyed the Khwarezmian of Merv, forces threat to Asia Minor, Roma Sudan came under pressure to start .
paid homage to Mongolia in 1243, the Mongol conquest of the Roma in the sultanate, which was feudatory paid homage to Mongolia in 1243, the Mongol conquest of the Roma in the sultanate, which was feudatory . subjection and the country as a feudatory of the Roma in the sultanate, and Yuan Empire maintained a year - round tributary and economic and cultural exchanges and, until the year 1308 is Hulagu of the Ilkhanate established subjection and the country as a feudatory of the Roma in the sultanate, and Yuan Empire maintained a year - round tributary and economic and cultural exchanges and, until the year 1308 is Hulagu of the Ilkhanate established .
was destroyed by the Ming period, is expected to be the best in the Timurid empire takes shape, the ends of the Silk Road,Ming dynasty and the Ottoman Empire of intercourse is hindered by was destroyed by the Ming period, is expected to be the best in the Timurid empire takes shape, the ends of the Silk Road,Ming dynasty and the Ottoman Empire of intercourse is hindered by . until the sixteenth century Timurid empire after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire began a formal tribute to the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was a Lazarist until the sixteenth century Timurid empire after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire began a formal tribute to the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was a Lazarist .
of the Ottoman Empire by the Ming dynasty, who was called the Lu fans, according to A History of the Ming Dynasty, Jiajing reign (1868), a five - year of Jiajing (1526), Jiajing (1543), Jiaqing (1548), 33rd year of Jiajing (1554), Lu (a five - time fans and sent a message to of the Ottoman Empire by the Ming dynasty, who was called the Lu fans, according to A History of the Ming Dynasty, Jiajing reign (1868), a five - year of Jiajing (1526), Jiajing (1543), Jiaqing (1548), 33rd year of Jiajing (1554), Lu (a five - time fans and sent a message to . "61 the number reaches up to 90 people visiting "61 the number reaches up to 90 people visiting .
these missions, which are carried out in the Ottoman Empire's annexation of Egypt, the cities of Tabriz and Baghdad after the war,In the life of the main Suleiman I (1520 and 1566 during the tenure of the these missions, which are carried out in the Ottoman Empire's annexation of Egypt, the cities of Tabriz and Baghdad after the war,In the life of the main Suleiman I (1520 and 1566 during the tenure of the . Istanbul court side by side and in the continued existence of thousands of precious porcelain, there is a possibility that had no precedent in the history of friendly exchanges, is the result of bilateral friendship Istanbul court side by side and in the continued existence of thousands of precious porcelain, there is a possibility that had no precedent in the history of friendly exchanges, is the result of bilateral friendship .

Culture

Origin

Adoption of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean, Black Sea and surrounding areas of the traditional arts and culture, and added a new element Adoption of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean, Black Sea and surrounding areas of the traditional arts and culture, and added a new element . in the Ottoman Empire under various different cultural inheritance, it is difficult to be certain of a particular culture, especially in the capital and religious center in the Ottoman Empire under various different cultural inheritance, it is difficult to be certain of a particular culture, especially in the capital and religious center .
macro perspective, a special kind of culture in the Ottoman elite among the attainment of the peak, these Ottoman elite contains a myriad of ethnic and religious communities of the Ottoman Empire macro perspective, a special kind of culture in the Ottoman elite among the attainment of the peak, these Ottoman elite contains a myriad of ethnic and religious communities of the Ottoman Empire . multicultural and pluralistic religious policy reflected in the Millet system in multicultural and pluralistic religious policy reflected in the Millet system in .
With Empire expanded westward,Empire conquered the area absorbed some of the cultures of the different national culture With Empire expanded westward,Empire conquered the area absorbed some of the cultures of the different national culture . intermarriage between Osman also contribute to the creation of the national culture characteristic and national culture to compare intermarriage between Osman also contribute to the creation of the national culture characteristic and national culture to compare .
Turkey, these new culture, to the creation of Ottoman cultural influence is obvious Turkey, these new culture, to the creation of Ottoman cultural influence is obvious .

Building

Ottoman architecture influenced by Persian, Byzantine and Arab - Islamic architecture influenced Ottoman architecture influenced by Persian, Byzantine and Arab - Islamic architecture influenced . Ottoman architecture is the pre - Islamic era of the Sassanian architecture, such as a square building on the dome of the mushroom is common in Sassanian architecture type, which became the core of the Ottoman architecture Ottoman architecture is the pre - Islamic era of the Sassanian architecture, such as a square building on the dome of the mushroom is common in Sassanian architecture type, which became the core of the Ottoman architecture .
in the rise of the Empire, the Ottoman architecture is still at the exploratory stage, when the Ottoman empire - building in the Classical Age in the rise of the Empire, the Ottoman architecture is still at the exploratory stage, when the Ottoman empire - building in the Classical Age . in the Tulip period, Ottoman architecture was highly decorated in the style of the Western European influence, such as Baroque, Rococo, Empire style and in the Tulip period, Ottoman architecture was highly decorated in the style of the Western European influence, such as Baroque, Rococo, Empire style and .
Ottoman architecture concept has largely revolved around the mosque,A mosque is a social and urban planning in the indispensable part of Ottoman architecture concept has largely revolved around the mosque,A mosque is a social and urban planning in the indispensable part of . in addition to the mosque, other examples of Ottoman architecture has a soup kitchen, seminaries, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs in addition to the mosque, other examples of Ottoman architecture has a soup kitchen, seminaries, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs .
Ottoman classical architecture of the example, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algeria, the Balkans and Hungary to local mosques, bridges, fountains and schools Osman Ottoman classical architecture of the example, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algeria, the Balkans and Hungary to local mosques, bridges, fountains and schools Osman . Art Deco influence development by the masses, because many ethnic empire palace Art Deco influence development by the masses, because many ethnic empire palace .
the craftsman of the empire produced a pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with Chinese art the craftsman of the empire produced a pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with Chinese art .

Language

Osman is the Turkish variety of Turkish, Persian and Arabic influence Osman is the Turkish variety of Turkish, Persian and Arabic influence . Turkish, Persian and Arabic (the Ottoman people influential languages, such as in Arabic. One of the reasons is because it is the language of the Qur 'an written
Ottoman bureaucrats, especially in the palace of the later Ottoman Turkish, Arabic and Persian at the same time use of loanwords Ottoman bureaucrats, especially in the palace of the later Ottoman Turkish, Arabic and Persian at the same time use of loanwords . even basic grammar is Turkish,Persian loanwords of Arabic or Ottoman Turkish, not necessarily proficient in Arabic and Farsi. "Those who are not understood by
Ottoman Turkish variant of these two extreme differences to the population's literacy level is low (in the beginning of the 19th century in the literacy rate is 2% - 3%, about 15% at the end of the 19th century), the general public and the government should employ writers Ottoman Turkish variant of these two extreme differences to the population's literacy level is low (in the beginning of the 19th century in the literacy rate is 2% - 3%, about 15% at the end of the 19th century), the general public and the government should employ writers . each nationality within the family and neighbors say the family of languages (such as Greek, Armenian, etc.), some in two or more ethnic groups live in compact villages, residents from time to time also will say the other is the language of the
In some out - of - towners, people generally say, family language,education of officials say more Ottoman Turkish or Persian, but can speak Arabic in the spelling of In some out - of - towners, people generally say, family language,education of officials say more Ottoman Turkish or Persian, but can speak Arabic in the spelling of . Empire two centuries ago, French and English language started to become popular, especially in the Levant to the Christian community elites to learn French, used European products as a sign of the upstream status Empire two centuries ago, French and English language started to become popular, especially in the Levant to the Christian community elites to learn French, used European products as a sign of the upstream status .
Ottoman rule, the use of Turkish rose steadily, but still retained the Arabic and Persian Ottoman rule, the use of Turkish rose steadily, but still retained the Arabic and Persian . later, only Persian as the literary language, Arabic is purely used in religious rituals, "There were Persian poet later, only Persian as the literary language, Arabic is purely used in religious rituals, "There were Persian poet .

Music

Ottoman classical music (see entries Turkish music) is the important part of the Ottoman elite, some of the Ottoman sultans and a deft of musicians and composers, such as Selim III, he works until today are often portrayed Ottoman classical music (see entries Turkish music) is the important part of the Ottoman elite, some of the Ottoman sultans and a deft of musicians and composers, such as Selim III, he works until today are often portrayed . Ottoman classical music from mainly Arab music, Persian music and Byzantine music developed from Ottoman classical music from mainly Arab music, Persian music and Byzantine music developed from .
structurally, Ottoman classical music through a system known as Owusu's rhythm and melody of the maqam system organized, Owusu's similar western beat, Muqam is the melody and musical instrument resembles a Western structurally, Ottoman classical music through a system known as Owusu's rhythm and melody of the maqam system organized, Owusu's similar western beat, Muqam is the melody and musical instrument resembles a Western . aspect to Anatolia, Central Asia (Bhagiratha Ma shamisen, Anasazi,Kaman immediately) and Arab musical instruments (Ude, Tambourine, XLR, Neuilly, emerged in later Western instruments (violin, piano) aspect to Anatolia, Central Asia (Bhagiratha Ma shamisen, Anasazi,Kaman immediately) and Arab musical instruments (Ude, Tambourine, XLR, Neuilly, emerged in later Western instruments (violin, piano) .
because of the capital and other areas of the geographical and cultural differences, the Ottoman Empire appeared in two distinctly different musical styles: Ottoman classical music and folk music in the because of the capital and other areas of the geographical and cultural differences, the Ottoman Empire appeared in two distinctly different musical styles: Ottoman classical music and folk music in the . appeared on the variety of regional folk music, had spawned a genre of music among the famous regions such as Thrace - Balkan folk music, Folk music, folk music of the Aegean Sea, Turkish folk music and folk music of the Caucasus appeared on the variety of regional folk music, had spawned a genre of music among the famous regions such as Thrace - Balkan folk music, Folk music, folk music of the Aegean Sea, Turkish folk music and folk music of the Caucasus .
some feature of the Forces nouvelles have music, gypsy music,Turkish belly dance and folk music some feature of the Forces nouvelles have music, gypsy music,Turkish belly dance and folk music .

Diet

Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the capital, Islamabad, this cultural convergence of the various countries to create a vacuum, all the people to which we are all enjoying meals from Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the capital, Islamabad, this cultural convergence of the various countries to create a vacuum, all the people to which we are all enjoying meals from . in the imperial kitchen chefs in different test materials were created and varied dishes, which dishes into folk, such as through the month of Ramadan, and it has been going away today in the imperial kitchen chefs in different test materials were created and varied dishes, which dishes into folk, such as through the month of Ramadan, and it has been going away today .
, Ottoman cuisine found in the Balkans, Anatolia and the Middle East, this is the "lifestyle of the Ottoman legacy" , Ottoman cuisine found in the Balkans, Anatolia and the Middle East, this is the "lifestyle of the Ottoman legacy" . such dishes based on regional change and interact with each other, but in the capital, residents of refining under assimilation such dishes based on regional change and interact with each other, but in the capital, residents of refining under assimilation .
lots of traditional culture and absorb the ottoman,China under new forms and integrate them into the Ottoman Empire regions of different ethnic and religious communities, leads to a novel and unique features of Ottoman culture lots of traditional culture and absorb the ottoman,China under new forms and integrate them into the Ottoman Empire regions of different ethnic and religious communities, leads to a novel and unique features of Ottoman culture .

Religious

Islam is not immediately after being cut off from the rise of popular or Turk, Turk, the Abbasid dynasty in 751 on China during the Tang dynasty in the victory of the campaign, but did not force the Turks to abandon its people believe in Shamanism and Buddhism, and thereby ensure the Abbasid dynasty in Central Asia Islam is not immediately after being cut off from the rise of popular or Turk, Turk, the Abbasid dynasty in 751 on China during the Tang dynasty in the victory of the campaign, but did not force the Turks to abandon its people believe in Shamanism and Buddhism, and thereby ensure the Abbasid dynasty in Central Asia . just after the war, many of the Turkic - speaking tribes, including the Seljuk and Ottoman dynastic ancestors Wu Gu died in the next few centuries to turn "The Islamic just after the war, many of the Turkic - speaking tribes, including the Seljuk and Ottoman dynastic ancestors Wu Gu died in the next few centuries to turn "The Islamic .
in the 11th century, this religion they will be brought into the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, in the 11th century, this religion they will be brought into the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, . allowed Christians and Jews (Qur 'an says" have for young people") kept the old faith,but does not accept polytheism, allowed Christians and Jews (Qur 'an says" have for young people") kept the old faith,but does not accept polytheism, .
consistent with Sharia laws and regulations of the Ottoman Empire to the non - Muslim People's Republic of China Concerning the Levying of Ji, on the the tax tax protection ( consistent with Sharia laws and regulations of the Ottoman Empire to the non - Muslim People's Republic of China Concerning the Levying of Ji, on the the tax tax protection (.) at Millett, non - Muslims and Muslims alike are subjects of the empire, but not subject to the Islamic faith and law or regulation, e.g., Orthodox Millett by Civilis constraint, the corpus juris civilis as early as the Byzantine Empire when a nine - hundred
empire as the largest non - Muslim, Orthodox Millet in politics and business on the enjoyment of the privilege, but will have to pay relatively high taxes for the Muslims in 1453 empire as the largest non - Muslim, Orthodox Millet in politics and business on the enjoyment of the privilege, but will have to pay relatively high taxes for the Muslims in 1453 .,Mehmed II conquered Constantinople after allowing Christians to pay tax in the special case, and run their old system, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople ,Mehmed II conquered Constantinople after allowing Christians to pay tax in the special case, and run their old system, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople .
1461, Mehmed II established the Armenian Patriarch in Constantinople 1461, Mehmed II established the Armenian Patriarch in Constantinople ., previously a member of the Byzantine Empire as the Armenian Church as heretical, and prohibits them from Constantinople inside the walls a new church , previously a member of the Byzantine Empire as the Armenian Church as heretical, and prohibits them from Constantinople inside the walls a new church .
1492, Moors and Jews expelled by the Spanish Inquisition expulsion out of Spain, the Ottoman sultans prisoner II dispatched to Kemal's Splendid, Kemal Reis), who led the fleet to escort them,They settled in the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Empire 1492, Moors and Jews expelled by the Spanish Inquisition expulsion out of Spain, the Ottoman sultans prisoner II dispatched to Kemal's Splendid, Kemal Reis), who led the fleet to escort them,They settled in the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Empire . Constantinople Orthodox Church relationship generally peaceful, though occasionally there would also be for the Greek Church of the oppressive policies of Constantinople Orthodox Church relationship generally peaceful, though occasionally there would also be for the Greek Church of the oppressive policies of .
church organization system remains unchanged, in closely under the supervision of the may be acting alone, apart from 1821 to 1831 the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence and the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman monarchy and the rise of other church organization system remains unchanged, in closely under the supervision of the may be acting alone, apart from 1821 to 1831 the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence and the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman monarchy and the rise of other . of the Orthodox Church, as the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, was disbanded and placed under the jurisdiction of the Church of Greece, until 1870, Abdul Aziz established Bulgarian bishop,Bulgarian church autonomy and restoration of the Ottoman Empire of the Orthodox Church, as the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, was disbanded and placed under the jurisdiction of the Church of Greece, until 1870, Abdul Aziz established Bulgarian bishop,Bulgarian church autonomy and restoration of the Ottoman Empire .
of the Jewish community was established to, Millett, was owned by Ha 'ba _ (Ba 6,75 F.N., Jewish church - or by the Chief Rabbi (Chief Rabbi), constituted by the tube; the Armenian Orthodox community is run by an archbishop in his possession, notwithstanding that other community