IARC
IARC（International Agency for Research on Cancer ），國際癌症研究機構，從1971年起組織專家組收集和評價世界各國有關化學物質對人類致癌危險性的資料，編輯出版《IARC關於化學物質致人類癌症危險性評價專題論文集》，並於1979年、 1982年和1987年三次組織專家組對上述專題論文集所評價的環境因子和類別、混合物及暴露環境對人類的致癌性進行再評價，並出版報告。自1987年專題論文集改名為《IARC關於致人類癌症危險性評價專題論文集》，並擴展到物理因子、生物因子致人類癌症危險性評價。 IARC關於化學物質致人類癌症危險性分類只與一種化學物致癌性證據的充分性(證據權重)有關，而並不涉及其致癌活性大小及其機制。IARC將化學物對人類致癌性資料(流行病學調查和病例報告)和對實驗動物致癌性資料分為四級：致癌性證據充分、致癌性證據有限、致癌性證據不足及證據提示缺乏致癌性。對人致癌性證據充分是指在致癌物和人癌症發生之間有因果關係。致癌性證據有限是指因果關係的解釋是可信的，但其他的解釋如偶然性、偏倚、混雜因素不能完全排除。致癌性證據不足是指資料的性質、一致性或統計學把握度不足以判斷因果關係或沒有對人致癌性的資料。證據提示缺乏致癌性是指有幾個在已知人類充分暴露水平範圍內的研究表明暴露水平與所研究的癌症無關聯。
分類為人致癌物(組1)必須要有流行病學證據的支持。流行病學研究(佇列研究和病例對照研究)試圖為化學品接觸與人群癌症發生(或死亡)增加的因果關係提供證據。癌症流行病學研究是比較困難的，一般是在人群接觸某種化學品多年之後進行，可能有很多混雜因素，並往往受到經費和時間的限制。為治療目的給以化學品(藥品)和職業性接觸，較易控制接觸條件，但個體數和接觸期限也往往受到限制。因此，對於很多化學品需要由動物致癌試驗、短期試驗等為接觸此化學品的致癌危險性提供論據(主要用於危害鑑定)。
致癌性評價標準
實驗動物致癌性資料證據評價標準：
(1) 致癌性證據充分指確立了受試物與腫瘤發生率(惡性或惡性和良性腫瘤合計)增加的因果關係：①見於兩種或兩種以上動物；②一個物種但經兩次或多次獨立的試驗(包括不同時間或不同實驗室或在不同實驗方案條件下)；③在一個物種一次試驗中，惡性腫瘤發生率、部位、腫瘤類型或發癌時間得到肯定的陽性結果。
(2) 致癌性證據有限指資料提示有致癌作用，但在作決定性評價中證據有限：①致癌性證據限於一個試驗；②在設計、實施或結果解釋的合理性方面尚有疑問；③僅有良性腫瘤、未確定致癌性潛力的損傷、或該種系中此腫瘤的自發率較高。
(3) 致癌性證據不足指資料由於重要的定性或定量上的限制，不足以證明致癌作用的存在與否，或沒有實驗動物致癌性的資料。
(4) 證據提示無致癌性是指有足夠的資料(至少兩種種系)證明該物質無致癌性。但需指出，證據提示無致癌性的結論必然限於所研究的種系、腫瘤部位和暴露劑量水平。
致癌物分類
IARC根據對人類和對實驗動物致癌性資料，以及在實驗系統和人類其他有關的資料(包括癌前病變、腫瘤病理學、遺傳毒性、結構—活性關係，代謝和動力學，理化參數及同類的生物因子)進行綜合評價，將環境因子和類別、混合物及暴露環境與人類癌症的關係分為下列五類四組：
第一類：致癌組1，對人類是致癌物。對人類致癌性證據充分者屬於本組。如吸菸和二手菸。
第二類：很可能致癌組2，對人類是很可能或可能致癌物。又分為兩組，即組2A和組2B。
組2A，對人類很可能(probably)是致癌物，指對人類致癌性證據有限。對實驗動物致癌性證據充分。如生產藝術玻璃、常用電吹風的理髮師。
組2B，對人類是可能(possible)致癌物，指對人類致癌性證據有限，對實驗動物致癌性證據並不充分；或指對人類致癌性證據不足，對實驗動物致癌性證據充分。
第四類：未知組3，現有的證據不能對人類致癌性進行分類。
第五類：很可能不致癌組4，對人類可能是非致癌物。
致癌物五類明細表
IARC專家組在2010年1月最新報告對834種環境因子和類別、混合物及暴露環境與人類癌症關係評價結果，
其中組1有100種，組1B有68種，組2B有246種，組3有516種，組4有1種。
IARC對化學物質引起人類癌症危險性評價，是目前公認的權威性資料。在要了解某種化學物的致癌性時，應首先查閱IARC的資料(網址http：193．51．164．11/monoeval/crthgr01．html)。
毒理學網 2010年1月12日
Overall Evaluations of carcinogenicity to Humans
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (100)
Agents and groups of agents
4-Aminobiphenyl [92-67-1] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Arsenic [7440-38-2] and arsenic compounds (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB:
This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not
necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
asbestos [1332-21-4] (Vol. 14, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Azathioprine [446-86-6] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzene [71-43-2] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzidine [92-87-5] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Benzo[a]pyrene [50-32-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and
other relevant data)
beryllium [7440-41-7] and beryllium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993)
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) [494-03-1] (Vol.
4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether [542-88-1] and chloromethyl methyl ether [107-30-2]
(technical-grade)
(Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran) [55-98-1] (Vol. 4,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cadmium [7440-43-9] and cadmium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993)
Chlorambucil [305-03-3] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU;
Semustine) [13909-09-6] (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chromium[VI] (Vol. 49; 1990)
Ciclosporin [79217-60-0] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] [6055-19-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Diethylstilboestrol [56-53-1] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Epstein-Barr virus (Vol. 70; 1997)
Erionite [66733-21-9] (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in
preparation)
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) (Vol. 72, Vol. 91; in
preparation)
(NB: There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer
a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary)
Estrogens, nonsteroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to
the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual
compounds within the group)
Estrogens, steroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to
the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual
compounds within the group)
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal (Vol. 72; 1999)
Ethylene oxide [75-21-8] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Etoposide [33419-42-0] in combination with cisplatin and Bleomycin (Vol.
76; 2000)
Formaldehyde [50-00-0] (Vol. 88; 2006)
Gallium arsenide [1303-00-0] (Vol. 86; 2006)
[Gamma Radiation: see X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation]
Helicobacter pylori (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996)
Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59
and 66 (Vol. 64, Vol. 90; in preparation) (NB: The HPV types that have
been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of
magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (Vol. 67; 1996)
Melphalan [148-82-3] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) [298-81-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation
(Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents (Suppl.
7; 1987)
Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard) [505-60-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Naphthylamine [91-59-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Neutrons (Vol. 75; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 1
with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Nickel compounds (Vol. 49; 1990)
N‘-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) [16543-55-8] and
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)- 1-butanone (NNK) [64091-91-4]
(Vol. 37, Suppl. 7, Vol. 89; in preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data)
[oestrogen: see Estrogen]
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
[Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen: see
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)]
Oral contraceptives, sequential (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate (Vol. 78; 2001)
plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain plutonium-240 and other
isotopes), as aerosols (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic
reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during
childhood) (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radionuclides, a-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)
(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Radionuclides, b-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Vol. 78; 2001)
(NB: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
radium-224 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radium-226 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radium-228 and its decay products (Vol. 78; 2001)
Radon-222 [10043-92-2] and its decay products (Vol. 43, Vol. 78; 2001)
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Silica [14808-60-7], crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or
cristobalite from occupational sources) (Vol. 68; 1997)
Solar radiation (Vol. 55; 1992)
talc containing asbestiform fibres (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Tamoxifen [10540-29-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) (NB: There is also conclusive
evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [1746-01-6] (Vol. 69; 1997) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Thiotepa [52-24-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)
thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a
colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide (Vol. 78; 2001)
Treosulfan [299-75-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Vinyl chloride [75-01-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987)
X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation (Vol. 75; 2000)
Mixtures
Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of) [1402-68-2] (Vol. 56, Vol.
82; 2002)
Alcoholic beverages (Vol. 44; 1988)
areca nut (Vol. 85; 2004) (NB: Overall evaluation based on human data,
animal data, and mechanistic and other relevant data)
betel quid with tobacco (Vol. 85; 2004)
Betel quid without tobacco (Vol. 85; 2004)
Coal-tar pitches [65996-93-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Coal-TARS [8007-45-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia (Vol.
82; 2002)
Household combustion of coal, indoor emissions from (Vol. 95; in
preparation)
Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Salted fish (Chinese-style) (Vol. 56; 1993)
Shale-oils [68308-34-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Soots (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Tobacco菸草, smokeless (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7, Vol. 89; in preparation)
Wood dust (Vol. 62; 1995)
Exposure circumstances
Aluminium production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Arsenic in drinking-water (Vol. 84; 2004)
Auramine, manufacture of (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
chimney sweeping (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coal gasification (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coal-tar distillation (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Coke production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Furniture and cabinet making (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7;
1987)
involuntary smoking (exposure to Secondhand or ‘environmental‘ tobacco
smoke) (Vol. 83; 2004)
Iron and steel founding (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture (strong-acid process) (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Magenta, manufacture of (Vol. 57; 1993)
Painter (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 47; 1989)
paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Rubber industry (Vol. 28, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational
exposure to) (Vol. 54; 1992)
Tobacco smoking 吸菸and tobacco smoke 二手菸(Vol. 83; 2004)
Last updated: 13 December 2006
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans(68)
Agents and groups of agents
Acrylamide [79-06-1] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Adriamycin [23214-92-8] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Androgenic (anabolic) steroids (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aristolochic acids (naturally occurring mixtures of) (Vol. 82; 2002)
Azacitidine [320-67-2] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Benzidine-based dyes (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) [154-93-8] (Vol. 26, Suppl.7; 1987)
1,3-Butadiene [106-99-0] (Vol. 71; 1999)
Captafol [2425-06-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
a-Chlorinated toluenes (benzal chloride [98-87-3], benzotrichloride
[98-07-7], benzyl chloride [100-44-7]) and benzoyl chloride [98-88-4]
(combined exposures) (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) [13010-47-4](Vol. 26,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine [95-69-2] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Chlorozotocin [54749-90-5] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Cisplatin [15663-27-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene [27208-37-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with
supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene [53-70-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with
supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene [191-30-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
Diethyl sulfate [64-67-5] (Vol. 54, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride [79-44-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine [540-73-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Dimethyl sulfate [77-78-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Ethylene dibromide [106-93-4] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea [759-73-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Etoposide [33419-42-0] (Vol. 76; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Glycidol [556-52-5] (Vol. 77; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Indium phosphide [22398-80-7] (Vol. 86; 2006) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A)
IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [76180-96-6] (Vol. 56; 1993)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
Kaposi‘s sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (Vol. 70; 1997)
Lead compounds, inorganic (Vol. 87; 2006)
5-Methoxypsoralen [484-20-8] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
4,4′-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) [101-14-4] (Vol.57; 1993)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
Methyl methanesulfonate [66-27-3] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
(NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence
from other relevant data)
N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) [70-25-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7;
1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting
evidence from other relevant data)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea [684-93-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Nitrate or nitrite (ingested) under conditions that result in endogenous
nitrosation (Vol. 94; in preparation)
Nitrogen mustard [51-75-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosodiethylamine [55-18-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine [62-75-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Phenacetin [62-44-2] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Procarbazine hydrochloride [366-70-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Styrene-7,8-oxide [96-09-3] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Teniposide [29767-20-2] (Vol. 76; 2000) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
ortho-Toluidine [95-53-4] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Trichloroethylene [79-01-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)
1,2,3-Trichloropropane [96-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate [126-72-7] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol.
71;1999) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting
evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation A (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation B (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Ultraviolet radiation C (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation
upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Vinyl bromide [593-60-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB:
Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from
other relevant data)
Vinyl fluoride [75-02-5] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Mixtures
Creosotes [8001-58-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Diesel engine exhaust (Vol. 46; 1989)
High-temperature frying, emissions from (Vol. 95; in preparation)
Hot mate (Vol. 51; 1991)
Household combustion of biomass fuel (primarily wood), indoor emissions
from (Vol. 95; in preparation)
Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and
application of) (Vol. 53; 1991)
Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Exposure circumstances
Art glass, glass Containers and pressed ware (manufacture of) (Vol. 58;
1993)
Carbon electrode manufacture (Vol. 92; in preparation)
Cobalt metal with tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006)
hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 57; 1993)
Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 45; 1989)
Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of) (Vol. 55; 1992)
Last updated: 29 November 2006
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (246)
Agents and groups of agents
A-a-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [26148-68-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7;
1987)
acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Acetamide [60-35-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (Vol. 71; 1999)
AF-2 [2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] [3688-53-7] (Vol.31,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aflatoxin M1 [6795-23-9] (Vol. 56; 1993)
para-Aminoazobenzene [60-09-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
ortho-Aminoazotoluene [97-56-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole [712-68-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl.
7; 1987)
Amsacrine [51264-14-3] (Vol. 76; 2000)
ortho-Anisidine [90-04-0] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Antimony trioxide [1309-64-4] (Vol. 47; 1989)
Aramite? [140-57-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Auramine [492-80-8] (technical-grade) (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Azaserine [115-02-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Aziridine [151-56-4] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Benz[j]aceanthrylene [202-33-5] (Vol. 92; in preparation) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting mechanistic and other
relevant data)
Benz[a]anthracene [56-55-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Benzo[b]fluoranthene [205-99-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation)
Benzo[j]fluoranthene [205-82-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation)
Benzo[k]fluoranthene [207-08-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation)
Benzofuran [271-89-6] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Benzo[c]phenanthrene [195-19-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with
supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Benzyl violet 4B [1694-09-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol [3296-90-0] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Bleomycins [11056-06-7] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
bracken fern (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Bromodichloromethane [75-27-4] (Vol. 52, Vol. 71; 1999)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25013-16-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7;1987)
b-Butyrolactone [3068-88-0] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Caffeic acid [331-39-5] (Vol. 56; 1993)
Carbon black [1333-86-4] (Vol. 65, Vol. 93; in preparation)
Carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Catechol [120-80-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Chlordane [57-74-9] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Chlordecone (Kepone) [143-50-0] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chlorendic acid [115-28-6] (Vol. 48; 1990)
para-Chloroaniline [106-47-8] (Vol. 57; 1993)
3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone [77439-76-0] (Vol.
84; 2004)
chloroform [67-66-3] (Vol. 73; 1999)
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene [513-37-1] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Chlorophenoxy herbicides (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987)
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine [95-83-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl.7; 1987)
Chloroprene [126-99-8] (Vol. 71; 1999)
Chlorothalonil [1897-45-6] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Chrysene [218-01-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
CI Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5] (Vol. 57; 1993)
CI Basic Red 9 [569-61-9] (Vol. 57; 1993)
CI Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5] (Vol. 57; 1993)
Citrus Red No. 2 [6358-53-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cobalt [7440-48-4] and cobalt compounds (Vol. 52; 1991) (NB: Evaluated
as a group)
Cobalt sulfate [10026-24-1] and other soluble cobalt(II) salts (Vol. 86;
2006)
para-Cresidine [120-71-8] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cycasin [14901-08-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dacarbazine [4342-03-4] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) [117-10-2] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Daunomycin [20830-81-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
DDT [p,p‘-DDT, 50-29-3] (Vol. 53; 1991)
N,N‘-Diacetylbenzidine [613-35-4] (Vol. 16, Suppl.7; 1987)
2,4-Diaminoanisole [615-05-4] (Vol. 79; 2001)
4,4‘-Diaminodiphenyl ether [101-80-4] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,4-Diaminotoluene [95-80-7] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dibenz[a,h]acridine [226-36-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Dibenz[a,j]acridine [224-42-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987)
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole [194-59-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl.7; 1987)
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene [189-64-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene [189-55-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane [96-12-8] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol [96-13-9] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (Vol. 84; 2004)
para-Dichlorobenzene [106-46-7] (Vol. 73; 1999)
3,3‘-Dichlorobenzidine [91-94-1] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987)
3,3‘-Dichloro-4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether [28434-86-8] (Vol. 16,Suppl. 7;
1987)
1,2-Dichloroethane [107-06-2] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) [75-09-2] (Vol. 71; 1999)
1,3-Dichloropropene [542-75-6] (technical-grade) (Vol. 41, Suppl.7, Vol.
71; 1999)
Dichlorvos [62-73-7] (Vol. 53; 1991)
1,2-Diethylhydrazine [1615-80-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether [101-90-6] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Dihydrosafrole [94-58-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Diisopropyl sulfate [2973-10-6] (Vol. 54, Vol. 71; 1999)
3,3‘-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine) [119-90-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7;
1987)
para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene [60-11-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
[25962-77-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) [87-62-7] (Vol. 57; 1993)
3,3‘-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-Tolidine) [119-93-7] (Vol.1, Suppl. 7; 1987)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine [57-14-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene [105735-71-5] (Vol. 65; 1996)
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene [22506-53-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
1,6-Dinitropyrene [42397-64-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
1,8-Dinitropyrene [42397-65-9] (Vol. 46; 1989)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene [121-14-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
2,6-Dinitrotoluene [606-20-2] (Vol. 65; 1996)
1,4-Dioxane [123-91-1] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Disperse Blue 1 [2475-45-8] (Vol. 48; 1990)
1,2-Epoxybutane [106-88-7] (Vol. 47, Vol. 71; 1999) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other
relevant data)
Ethyl acrylate [140-88-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Ethylbenzene [100-41-4] (Vol. 77; 2000)
Ethyl methanesulfonate [62-50-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
[Foreign bodies: see Surgical implants and other foreign bodies]
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole [3570-75-0] (Vol. 7,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Fumonisin B1 [116355-83-0] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Furan [110-00-9] (Vol. 63; 1995)
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3‘,2‘-d]imidazole) [67730-11-4]
(Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3‘,2‘-d]imidazole)[67730-10-3] (Vol. 40,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Glycidaldehyde [765-34-4] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Griseofulvin [126-07-8] (Vol. 79; 2001)
HC Blue No. 1 [2784-94-3] (Vol. 57; 1993)
Heptachlor [76-44-8] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Hexachlorobenzene [118-74-1] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Hexachloroethane [67-72-1] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Hexamethylphosphoramide [680-31-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996)
Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 (Vol. 90; in preparation)
Human papillomavirus genus beta (some types) (Vol. 90; in preparation)
Hydrazine [302-01-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-Hydroxyanthraquinone [129-43-1] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene [193-39-5] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in
preparation)
Iron-dextran complex [9004-66-4] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Isoprene [78-79-5] (Vol. 60, Vol. 71; 1999)
Lasiocarpine [303-34-4] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Lead [7439-92-1] (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Magenta [632-99-5] (containing CI Basic Red 9) (Vol. 57; 1993)
Magnetic fields (extremely low-frequency) (Vol. 80; 2002)
MeA-a-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [68006-83-7] (Vol. 40,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate [71-58-9] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987)
MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [77094-11-2] (Vol. 56;
1993)
MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) [77500-04-0] (Vol.
56; 1993)
Merphalan [531-76-0] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) [75-55-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71;
1999)
Methylazoxymethanol acetate [592-62-1] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
5-Methylchrysene [3697-24-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7, Vol. 92; in preparation)
4,4‘-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) [838-88-0] (Vol. 4, Suppl.7; 1987)
4,4‘-Methylenedianiline [101-77-9] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Methylmercury compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group)
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone [129-15-7] (uncertain purity) (Vol.27,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane [615-53-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl.7; 1987)
Methylthiouracil [56-04-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Metronidazole [443-48-1] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Microcystin-LR [101043-37-2] (Vol. 94; in preparation) (NB: Overall
evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B based on mechanistic and other relevant
data)
Mirex [2385-85-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Mitomycin C [50-07-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Mitoxantrone [65271-80-9] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Monocrotaline [315-22-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone
[3795-88-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Nafenopin [3771-19-5] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Naphthalene [91-20-3] (Vol. 82; 2002)
Nickel, metallic [7440-02-0] and alloys (Vol. 49; 1990)
Niridazole [61-57-4] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9] and its salts (Vol. 73; 1999) (NB:
Evaluated as a group)
5-Nitroacenaphthene [602-87-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Nitroanisole [91-23-6] (Vol. 65; 1996)
Nitrobenzene [98-95-3] (Vol. 65; 1996)
6-Nitrochrysene [7496-02-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
Nitrofen [1836-75-5] (technical-grade) (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987)
2-Nitrofluorene [607-57-8] (Vol. 46; 1989)
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone [555-84-0] (Vol.7,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide [531-82-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7;
1987)
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide [126-85-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7;1987)
Nitromethane [75-52-5] (Vol. 77; 2000)
2-Nitropropane [79-46-9] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
1-Nitropyrene [5522-43-0] (Vol. 46; 1989)
4-Nitropyrene [57835-92-4] (Vol. 46; 1989)
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine [924-16-3] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine [1116-54-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7, Vol. 77; 2000)
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine [621-64-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl.7; 1987)
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile [60153-49-3] (Vol. 85; 2004)
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine [10595-95-6] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine [4549-40-0] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosomorpholine [59-89-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosopiperidine [100-75-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine [930-55-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
N-Nitrososarcosine [13256-22-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Ochratoxin A [303-47-9] (Vol. 56; 1993)
Oil Orange SS [2646-17-5] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Oxazepam [604-75-1] (Vol. 66; 1996)
Palygorskite (attapulgite) [12174-11-7] (long fibres, > 5 micrometres)
(Vol. 68; 1997)
Panfuran S [794-93-4] (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)
(Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride [136-40-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenobarbital [50-06-6] (Vol. 79; 2001)
phenolphthalein [77-09-8] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [63-92-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Phenyl glycidyl ether [122-60-1] (Vol. 47, Vol. 71; 1999)
Phenytoin [57-41-0] (Vol. 66; 1996)
PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) [105650-23-5] (Vol.
56; 1993)
Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures) (Vol. 41,
Suppl. 7, Vol. 53, Vol. 71; 1999)
Ponceau MX [3761-53-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Ponceau 3R [3564-09-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Potassium bromate [7758-01-2] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Progestins (Suppl. 7; 1987)
Progestogen-only contraceptives (Vol. 72; 1999)
1,3-Propane sultone [1120-71-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
b-Propiolactone [57-57-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Propylene oxide [75-56-9] (Vol. 60; 1994)
Propylthiouracil [51-52-5] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Refractory ceramic fibres (Vol. 43, Vol. 81; 2002)
Riddelliine [23246-96-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7, Vol. 82; 2002)
Safrole [94-59-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994)
Sodium ortho-phenylphenate [132-27-4] (Vol. 73; 1999)
Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and ‘475‘ glass fibres (Vol. 81;
2002)
Sterigmatocystin [10048-13-2] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Streptozotocin [18883-66-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Styrene [100-42-5] (Vol. 60, 82; 2002)
Sulfallate [95-06-7] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Surgical implants and other foreign bodies (Vol. 74; 1999):
- Polymeric implants prepared as thin smooth film (with the exception of
poly(glycolic acid))
- Metallic implants prepared as thin smooth films
- Implanted foreign bodies of metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an
alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron
Tetrafluoroethylene [116-14-3] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Tetranitromethane [509-14-8] (Vol. 65; 1996)
Thioacetamide [62-55-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
4,4‘-Thiodianiline [139-65-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] (Vol. 47, Vol. 93; in preparation)
Thiouracil [141-90-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Toluene diisocyanates [26471-62-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7, Vol. 71; 1999)
Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) [817-09-4] (Vol. 50; 1990)
Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-06-0] (Vol.
31, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)[62450-07-1] (Vol. 31,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Trypan blue [72-57-1] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Uracil mustard [66-75-1] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Urethane [51-79-6] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Vanadium pentoxide [1314-62-1] (Vol. 86; in preparation)
Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (Vol. 63; 1995)
4-Vinylcyclohexene [100-40-3] (Vol. 60; 1994)
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide [106-87-6] (Vol. 60; 1994)
Zalcitabine [7481-89-2] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Zidovudine (AZT) [30516-87-1] (Vol. 76; 2000)
Mixtures
Bitumens [8052-42-4], extracts of steam-refined and air-refined (Vol. 35,
Suppl. 7; 1987)
Carrageenan [9000-07-1], degraded (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average
degree of chlorination approximately 60% (Vol. 48; 1990)
Coffee (urinary bladder) (Vol. 51; 1991) (NB: There is some evidence of
an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large
bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity
to other organs)
Diesel fuel, marine (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded
from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Engine exhaust, gasoline (Vol. 46; 1989)
Fuel oils, residual (heavy) (Vol. 45; 1989)
Gasoline (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B
with supporting evidence from other relevant data)
Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia) (Vol. 56; 1993)
Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7;
1987)
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) [8001-35-2] (Vol. 79; 2001)
Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme: fumonisin B1 and B2 and fusarin
C (Vol. 56; 1993)
Welding fumes (Vol. 49; 1990)
Exposure circumstances
carpentry and joinery (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987)
Cobalt metal without tungsten carbide (Vol. 86; 2006)
Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 63; 1995)
Printing processes (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 65; 1996)
Talc-based body powder (perineal use of) (Vol. 93; in preparation)
Textile manufacturing industry (work in) (Vol. 48; 1990)
Last updated: 20 December 2006
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (516)
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)
