Morphological Feature
Sturgeon is 150m years ago in the Mesozoic of rare and ancient fish, which is interposed between the cartilage and bones, ossification of Cornwall, are on the slow side, axile ossification of the notochord is not elastic, or vertebral, with skull ossification of cartilage shells are mostly not Sturgeon is 150m years ago in the Mesozoic of rare and ancient fish, which is interposed between the cartilage and bones, ossification of Cornwall, are on the slow side, axile ossification of the notochord is not elastic, or vertebral, with skull ossification of cartilage shells are mostly not . sturgeon is the largest freshwater fish, the special physiological structure sturgeon is the largest freshwater fish, the special physiological structure .
Its body is fusiform, the head and back of the body is grey or greyish - white belly, fins Its body is fusiform, the head and back of the body is grey or greyish - white belly, fins . Grey systemic unarmed, with only a small amount of bone and the back row, and the body side of the abdomen of each two rows of five columns were beautiful bone and articular cartilage of the spine is supported by a large body of Grey systemic unarmed, with only a small amount of bone and the back row, and the body side of the abdomen of each two rows of five columns were beautiful bone and articular cartilage of the spine is supported by a large body of .
anterior dorsal fin usually has 12 - 14 blocks,body of lateral plate number of 24 - 37 block anterior dorsal fin usually has 12 - 14 blocks,body of lateral plate number of 24 - 37 block . large triangular head, they are long, the back portion, the bone plate of the flat smooth part before large triangular head, they are long, the back portion, the bone plate of the flat smooth part before .
eyes into a plow - like, and an upturned mouth eyes into a plow - like, and an upturned mouth . in the head of the ventral surface, into a transverse cracks, which can be stretchable in both the upper and lower lip has a horny papillae in the head of the ventral surface, into a transverse cracks, which can be stretchable in both the upper and lower lip has a horny papillae .
. in front of the card disposed side by side in the four little tiny eyes in front of the card disposed side by side in the four little tiny eyes .
. posterior spiracle has posterior spiracle has .
gill opening is large, the gill membranes and which with the portion connected to the gill opening is large, the gill membranes and which with the portion connected to the . gill rakers appearing as short prismatic, thin and sharp, 14 ~ 28, which is typically in the range of about 18 gill rakers appearing as short prismatic, thin and sharp, 14 ~ 28, which is typically in the range of about 18 .
larvae between smooth skin without scales;adult higher rough skin larvae between smooth skin without scales;adult higher rough skin . head cloth of a Torx - shaped sensillum and trap head cloth of a Torx - shaped sensillum and trap .
because the positions of the rear dorsal fin, dorsal fin 54 - 66 because the positions of the rear dorsal fin, dorsal fin 54 - 66 . tail on the short length of the lower lobe, a crooked - shaped caudal fin, paired fins with a broad basis, dorsal and anal fin are located relatively tail on the short length of the lower lobe, a crooked - shaped caudal fin, paired fins with a broad basis, dorsal and anal fin are located relatively .
the front of the dorsal fin, the fin and the caudal fin base with fulcra systemic the front of the dorsal fin, the fin and the caudal fin base with fulcra systemic . .
is a cartilaginous structure of the intestines is an odd one, there are 7 - 8 to a funnel - shaped spiral valve is a cartilaginous structure of the intestines is an odd one, there are 7 - 8 to a funnel - shaped spiral valve . anal and ventral cloacal opening located near the base, the opening of each fallopian tube and ovaries from anal and ventral cloacal opening located near the base, the opening of each fallopian tube and ovaries from .
It's the biggest sturgeon, long lifespan, the longest life can be up to 40 years old, is a freshwater fish in the individual category the biggest, It's the biggest sturgeon, long lifespan, the longest life can be up to 40 years old, is a freshwater fish in the individual category the biggest,. into fish living longest in the world, so it is the highest in the 27 species of sturgeon into fish living longest in the world, so it is the highest in the 27 species of sturgeon .
earlier or maximum weight of 560 kg, is said to be "the sturgeon the fame of" the king fish in the Changjiang River as the " earlier or maximum weight of 560 kg, is said to be "the sturgeon the fame of" the king fish in the Changjiang River as the ". like mature male weighs 80 kg and above, female fish weighs more than 240 like mature male weighs 80 kg and above, female fish weighs more than 240 .
jin is the rapid growth of large fish, the fisherman has Sichuan" Lazi, massive like "adage, Lazi is the merit that the sturgeon Acipenser sinensis Growth Baisui male life span is up to above 9 years old, the sturgeon species reach a length of 1.7 meters and weighing 50 kg and above, female sturgeon grows to more than 14 years in length and 3 m, 120 kilograms of weight above according to the study, they have laid their eggs in the population, male age is generally 9 ~ 22 years old, weight between 40 and 125 kilograms;female of 16 to 29 years old and weighing 172 ~ 300 kg is observed, the sturgeon's average annual growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of 120 kilograms of weight above according to the study, they have laid their eggs in the population, male age is generally 9 ~ 22 years old, weight between 40 and 125 kilograms;female of 16 to 29 years old and weighing 172 ~ 300 kg is observed, the sturgeon's average annual growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of .
but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years . reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring .
Basic Introduction
Basic Situation
Acipenser sinensis is the national category one protected animal, fish specialties, spindle - shaped body, the body clothed with hard scales and the Five Elements, and a long tail, and appetite a bit, Acipenser sinensis is the national category one protected animal, fish specialties, spindle - shaped body, the body clothed with hard scales and the Five Elements, and a long tail, and appetite a bit, . which is a kind of marine habitats of migratory species, of 9 June through November, sponsored by the Haikou travel up the Yangtze, to the Jinsha River to Pingshan conducted a breeding which is a kind of marine habitats of migratory species, of 9 June through November, sponsored by the Haikou travel up the Yangtze, to the Jinsha River to Pingshan conducted a breeding .
hatched young growth is in the river for a while and then return to Estuary fattening hatched young growth is in the river for a while and then return to Estuary fattening . every autumn, when Chinese sturgeon breeding Sujiang, River can be trapped to a larger number of Chinese sturgeon, the fish in the Changjiang River Wang " every autumn, when Chinese sturgeon breeding Sujiang, River can be trapped to a larger number of Chinese sturgeon, the fish in the Changjiang River Wang ".
The China sturgeon is the most ancient of vertebrates, fish is the common ancestor of the descendants of ancient fish,a history of more than 140 million year history The China sturgeon is the most ancient of vertebrates, fish is the common ancestor of the descendants of ancient fish,a history of more than 140 million year history . and and .
the same time as dinosaurs the same time as dinosaurs.
Evolution And Conservation
Acipenser sinensis, in its category, plays an important role, is the study of the evolution of important reference to study the evolution, geology, geomorphology, transgressive, regressive surface of the planet's vicissitude has important scientific value and that it is difficult to put ecological, social, and economic value Acipenser sinensis, in its category, plays an important role, is the study of the evolution of important reference to study the evolution, geology, geomorphology, transgressive, regressive surface of the planet's vicissitude has important scientific value and that it is difficult to put ecological, social, and economic value . but for various reasons, this rare animals has been on the verge of extinction and but for various reasons, this rare animals has been on the verge of extinction and .
protect and save this rare "living fossil" of the development and rational utilization of wildlife resources and maintaining ecological balance, has the profound significance of her I protect and save this rare "living fossil" of the development and rational utilization of wildlife resources and maintaining ecological balance, has the profound significance of her I . can be seen some traces of biological evolution,That's why it is called a living fossil of the aquatic organisms in the can be seen some traces of biological evolution,That's why it is called a living fossil of the aquatic organisms in the .
in China in the Late Jurassic Beipiao, Liaoning, dating from between 140 million years ago) strata in the sturgeon - like fossils ever found, in the name of Beipiao sturgeon Acipenser in China in the Late Jurassic Beipiao, Liaoning, dating from between 140 million years ago) strata in the sturgeon - like fossils ever found, in the name of Beipiao sturgeon Acipenser . this only in the two body - side row in lateral line, the other surface exposed, the sturgeon's body with five lanceolate scales different from this only in the two body - side row in lateral line, the other surface exposed, the sturgeon's body with five lanceolate scales different from .
Living Habits
China sturgeon is the large anadromous fish which inhabits coastal waters, the sexually - rivers upstream migration to spawning and breeding China sturgeon is the large anadromous fish which inhabits coastal waters, the sexually - rivers upstream migration to spawning and breeding . juvenile with rivers, the next year during the period from February to June arrive for physiological adjustment, feeding and fattening, August - September sea life until sexual maturity after anadromous (COILIA ECTENES JORDAN juvenile with rivers, the next year during the period from February to June arrive for physiological adjustment, feeding and fattening, August - September sea life until sexual maturity after anadromous (COILIA ECTENES JORDAN .
grow rapidly, but sexual maturity late grow rapidly, but sexual maturity late . autumn spawning season is mid October to mid - November, the tackiness of the demersal eggs, mature egg is oval, brown.
It's the biggest sturgeon, long lifespan, the longest life can be up to 40 years old, is a freshwater fish in the individual category the biggest, longest - lived of fish of Acipenser sinensis into the River It's the biggest sturgeon, long lifespan, the longest life can be up to 40 years old, is a freshwater fish in the individual category the biggest, longest - lived of fish of Acipenser sinensis into the River .,must be in the river is retained for a period of one year, year and 10 months to reach at place of oviposition ,must be in the river is retained for a period of one year, year and 10 months to reach at place of oviposition .
In the past year, Chinese sturgeon and not all the time, but when the tour time stopped, sometimes for days at a pothole where the river is lurking motionless In the past year, Chinese sturgeon and not all the time, but when the tour time stopped, sometimes for days at a pothole where the river is lurking motionless . year autumn dates to travel up rivers and fast - flowing, gravel river bottom of breeding, a breeding colony of spawning grounds of Acipenser sinensis breeding aggregation to year autumn dates to travel up rivers and fast - flowing, gravel river bottom of breeding, a breeding colony of spawning grounds of Acipenser sinensis breeding aggregation to .
is a benthic fish, belonging to animal food - based omnivorous fish, feeding primarily on small or slow - moving benthic animals, including shrimps, crabs, fish, molluscs and aquatic insects such as is a benthic fish, belonging to animal food - based omnivorous fish, feeding primarily on small or slow - moving benthic animals, including shrimps, crabs, fish, molluscs and aquatic insects such as . due to living in environments of various food categories also differed in their juvenile form the Yangtze River,Its upstream chironomid larvae, dragonfly larvae, mayfly larvae, and pieces of plant food, into the brackish waters of estuaries in the juvenile shrimps, crabs and fish that feed on fish in their pro due to living in environments of various food categories also differed in their juvenile form the Yangtze River,Its upstream chironomid larvae, dragonfly larvae, mayfly larvae, and pieces of plant food, into the brackish waters of estuaries in the juvenile shrimps, crabs and fish that feed on fish in their pro .
. during feeding in the Adjacent Sea Area off the Changjiang Estuary waters, Chinese sturgeon feeding intensity increased, typically in the range of 3 to 4 stages, where food is mainly fish and crabs, shrimp and cephalopod during feeding in the Adjacent Sea Area off the Changjiang Estuary waters, Chinese sturgeon feeding intensity increased, typically in the range of 3 to 4 stages, where food is mainly fish and crabs, shrimp and cephalopod .
et al "Compendium of Materia Medica" in it for the record: "it can be eaten, dehisce SLCs, smell and hear from, but not to drink, crab - eating fish of the" et al "Compendium of Materia Medica" in it for the record: "it can be eaten, dehisce SLCs, smell and hear from, but not to drink, crab - eating fish of the" . "The Chinese sturgeon is actually against the opening film of the extension or contraction of the food intake,Most of the food object is living in hiding in mud or sludge in various small animals from the ocean into the rivers "The Chinese sturgeon is actually against the opening film of the extension or contraction of the food intake,Most of the food object is living in hiding in mud or sludge in various small animals from the ocean into the rivers .
the sturgeon's migratory and the entire retention period, substantially no feeding the sturgeon's migratory and the entire retention period, substantially no feeding . therefore, Acipenser sinensis in freshwater in energy expenditure and gonad of the nutrition, it relied on fresh water before entering the in - vivo accumulation of large amounts of fat and other substances thus therefore, Acipenser sinensis in freshwater in energy expenditure and gonad of the nutrition, it relied on fresh water before entering the in - vivo accumulation of large amounts of fat and other substances thus .
, in fresh water, is closer to that of mature individuals, the body becomes emaciated , in fresh water, is closer to that of mature individuals, the body becomes emaciated .
Propagation Condition
Typical of anadromous fishes Typical of anadromous fishes . sturgeon usually living in the East China Sea continental shelf of the coastal zone, sea growth sturgeon usually living in the East China Sea continental shelf of the coastal zone, sea growth .
Damxung fish grows to 9 to 18, the body length of 170 cm and a weight of 50 kilograms or more, the females grow up to 26 years old, may reach sexual maturity Damxung fish grows to 9 to 18, the body length of 170 cm and a weight of 50 kilograms or more, the females grow up to 26 years old, may reach sexual maturity . start to mature from July to August by rivers or the sea, in freshwater habitat year start to mature from July to August by rivers or the sea, in freshwater habitat year .
gonadal development gradually, according to research, they have laid their eggs in the population, male age is generally 9 ~ 22 years old, weight between 40 and 125 kilograms;female of 16 to 29 years old and weighing 172 ~ 300 kg is observed, the sturgeon's average annual growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of gonadal development gradually, according to research, they have laid their eggs in the population, male age is generally 9 ~ 22 years old, weight between 40 and 125 kilograms;female of 16 to 29 years old and weighing 172 ~ 300 kg is observed, the sturgeon's average annual growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of . but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years .
reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring . after spawning, the female fish soon began to drop in the River after spawning, the female fish soon began to drop in the River .
pro sturgeon during reproductive period, the output of the eggs is sticky, adhering to the rock or river gravel above, in the range of 17 to 18 DEG C, the zygote is about 5 ~ 6 day and night pro sturgeon during reproductive period, the output of the eggs is sticky, adhering to the rock or river gravel above, in the range of 17 to 18 DEG C, the zygote is about 5 ~ 6 day and night . incubation newly - hatched larvae have sent a wall of the yolk sac, which looks like a tadpole, drifted,about 12 ~ 14 days after the start of feeding incubation newly - hatched larvae have sent a wall of the yolk sac, which looks like a tadpole, drifted,about 12 ~ 14 days after the start of feeding .
again in spring, gradually descending the river sturgeon larvae, 5 ~ 8 month Chongming Island in Yangtze Estuary area, 9 months later, the body length is up to 30cm of juvenile sturgeons and left from the estuary of the shallow beach sea water and to foster growth again in spring, gradually descending the river sturgeon larvae, 5 ~ 8 month Chongming Island in Yangtze Estuary area, 9 months later, the body length is up to 30cm of juvenile sturgeons and left from the estuary of the shallow beach sea water and to foster growth . average growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of average growth rate is faster for male, and 5 ~ 8 kg, females grow to between 8 and 13 kilograms of .
but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years but from the fry grow into big adult takes 8 ~ 14 Years . reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring reaches its sexual maturity relatively late sexual maturity, they can produce offspring .
Subspecies Classification
world of sturgeons in a total of 25 species, they are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere but world of sturgeons in a total of 25 species, they are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere but . world fishes in Acipenseridae belonging to 4 genera and 24 species, of which: two huso, 17 species of sturgeon, shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus) 2 species, Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nicolskii world fishes in Acipenseridae belonging to 4 genera and 24 species, of which: two huso, 17 species of sturgeon, shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus) 2 species, Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nicolskii .
3 species of sturgeons in China There are 3 genera and 8 species which: Huso dauricus, 1 species of sturgeon species in 6 genera, Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nicolskii 3 species of sturgeons in China There are 3 genera and 8 species which: Huso dauricus, 1 species of sturgeon species in 6 genera, Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nicolskii . 1 species of Acipenseriformes in the grains of the genus teleosts, it is mostly cartilage, Many covered with hard scales and also - it has got cartilage Ganoid 1 species of Acipenseriformes in the grains of the genus teleosts, it is mostly cartilage, Many covered with hard scales and also - it has got cartilage Ganoid .
Acipenseriformes cavei is now life is out there of fish in the most primitive taxa Acipenseriformes cavei is now life is out there of fish in the most primitive taxa . fossils found in the earliest Triassic (about 200 million years ago) the formation,Many species in the Earth's evolution of eighty - eight are extinct and only a handful have survived, mainly from northern fossils found in the earliest Triassic (about 200 million years ago) the formation,Many species in the Earth's evolution of eighty - eight are extinct and only a handful have survived, mainly from northern .
worldwide, is for people to recognize a total of 25 species, of which China's distribution of eight species of worldwide, is for people to recognize a total of 25 species, of which China's distribution of eight species of . in Chinese Liaoning and Hebei was the Director of Late Jurassic to the Cretaceous formations are found in their fossils in China in Chinese Liaoning and Hebei was the Director of Late Jurassic to the Cretaceous formations are found in their fossils in China .
9: Heilongjiang Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii and Huso dauricus there, the river has the Sakhalin sturgeon, sterlet has the Ertix River and Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky Ili River there, while Chinese Paddlefish (Psephurus gladius and Yangtze River and settled in freshwater fishes in Acipenseridae sturgeon in the world, and as far south as the distribution of a 9: Heilongjiang Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii and Huso dauricus there, the river has the Sakhalin sturgeon, sterlet has the Ertix River and Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky Ili River there, while Chinese Paddlefish (Psephurus gladius and Yangtze River and settled in freshwater fishes in Acipenseridae sturgeon in the world, and as far south as the distribution of a . modern distribution system for offshore and the Yangtze River,Pearl River, the Minjiang River, Qiantang River, Yellow River and other rivers modern distribution system for offshore and the Yangtze River,Pearl River, the Minjiang River, Qiantang River, Yellow River and other rivers .
of the Yellow River, Qiantang River, both of which are extinct, occasionally visible in some areas, and few in number, the larger the amount of existing only in the Yangtze River, southwest of Korea of the Yellow River, Qiantang River, both of which are extinct, occasionally visible in some areas, and few in number, the larger the amount of existing only in the Yangtze River, southwest of Korea . foreign western Kyushu, Japan has recorded only in the Yangtze River still found today foreign western Kyushu, Japan has recorded only in the Yangtze River still found today .
. reported since China covers a vast territory, rich and colorful, the head of the type and quantity are relatively rich, distribution range widely from Heilongjiang Province in the north, the Ertix River, and south to the Pearl River, as well as most of China's coastal voyages all have their distribution records, just as with the decrease of original latitude, its species and quantity will reduce slightly reported since China covers a vast territory, rich and colorful, the head of the type and quantity are relatively rich, distribution range widely from Heilongjiang Province in the north, the Ertix River, and south to the Pearl River, as well as most of China's coastal voyages all have their distribution records, just as with the decrease of original latitude, its species and quantity will reduce slightly .
Breeding Method
Water Temperature
The China sturgeon is a fairly wide scope to adapt the temperature of the warm - water fish, in the artificial breeding conditions, the sturgeon's survival at 0 to 37.d egree. C., and the suitable temperature and growth ranges from 13 to 25. degree. C., the optimum growth temperature of 20 - 22.degree. C. pro suitable spawning sturgeon is 17 ~ 24. 5. degree. C.
best eggs incubation temperature of 17 ~ best eggs incubation temperature of 17 ~ . 20 rpm at 21.d egree. C. after the beginning of the winter, when the water temperature falls to 9 ~ 16. degree. C., the amount of chinese sturgeon acipenser sinensis fed diets rarely, growth ground to a halt or even weight loss phenomenon
Lichun before and after the water temperature rose gradually from 10 to 13. degree. C., started a small amount of ingestion, growth is slow after the Qingming ,water temperature rose to 15. degree. C. or higher, the start of feeding and growth was accelerating
reached 33 to 38 DEG C when laying, which cannot be normal activities reached 33 to 38 DEG C when laying, which cannot be normal activities .
Oxygen Content
The sturgeon is dissolved oxygen requirements are higher, the general requirements of oxygen dissolved in water at 5 mg / l or more when the The sturgeon is dissolved oxygen requirements are higher, the general requirements of oxygen dissolved in water at 5 mg / l or more when the . If the dissolved oxygen levels fall to 4 mg / liter, the sturgeon's appetite.When the DO is lowered to 3 mg / liter or is reduced to 3 mg / liter or less, the amount of chinese sturgeon acipenser sinensis fed diets rapidly reduce, even stop feeding, retardation occurs in severe cases, coma and even death by asphyxiation
It is worth pointing out that the water in the amount of dissolved oxygen and wide range of applications of liquid fertilizer, and should not be used as the cultivation of Chinese sturgeon larvae, juvenile water It is worth pointing out that the water in the amount of dissolved oxygen and wide range of applications of liquid fertilizer, and should not be used as the cultivation of Chinese sturgeon larvae, juvenile water .
PH Value
Chinese sturgeon is suitable in a pH 7. 0 ~ 8. 0 weakly alkaline water when the pH lowers, it means that the carbon dioxide of the water increased with the increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen to be lowered, and this requires a higher dissolved oxygen content of the Chinese sturgeon.When the pH is too high, so that the ammonia nitrogen in water, the detrimental effects of large, cultivated Chinese sturgeon are also disadvantageous
Salinity
Acipenser sinensis is a euryhaline fish, resistance to a wide range of salinity under natural conditions, dealings with salt and fresh waters, fresh water and reproduces in seawater in growth Acipenser sinensis is a euryhaline fish, resistance to a wide range of salinity under natural conditions, dealings with salt and fresh waters, fresh water and reproduces in seawater in growth .
Illumination Intensity
In a vertical swimming stage, the fry have very strong phototaxis to benthic In a vertical swimming stage, the fry have very strong phototaxis to benthic ., , .
phototaxis disappeared generally against Aberdeen, young sturgeon for cultivation, and the summer to try to avoid direct sunshine the pool due to its rapid rise, above the basin to be arranged in such a way that the sunshade facilities phototaxis disappeared generally against Aberdeen, young sturgeon for cultivation, and the summer to try to avoid direct sunshine the pool due to its rapid rise, above the basin to be arranged in such a way that the sunshade facilities .
Sediment
Tsai, young sturgeon for substrate of high governance, at the bottom of the pool is very smooth and free from pollution,Cheng sturgeon on the sediments of the requirements are strict, the substrata can be Tsai, young sturgeon for substrate of high governance, at the bottom of the pool is very smooth and free from pollution,Cheng sturgeon on the sediments of the requirements are strict, the substrata can be .
Transparency
Transparency is a reflection of the plankton in the water, mud and other suspended matter from the number of Transparency is a reflection of the plankton in the water, mud and other suspended matter from the number of . in newborn, juvenile sturgeon cultivation stage, transparency should be control at 40 ~ 60 cm, timely clear waste and strengthen daily management;in the embodiment of FIG. 4) in the rearing phase, transparency is controlled at about 30 cm is able to meet their requirements
Ammonia Nitrogen
Ammonia is mainly in the pond of organic substances which decompose to Ammonia is mainly in the pond of organic substances which decompose to . the sturgeon's long - term living in the ammonia - rich water, low energy, poor growth is caused on the gill rot and other diseases, even result in the death of the sturgeon's long - term living in the ammonia - rich water, low energy, poor growth is caused on the gill rot and other diseases, even result in the death of .
for larval, juvenile sturgeons, ammonia nitrogen shall preferably not exceed 0. 2 mg / L
Water Flow
Chinese sturgeon larvae, juveniles, with no apparent retroactive water upstream of the habits, likes to focus in the area of the nozzle with a Chinese sturgeon larvae, juveniles, with no apparent retroactive water upstream of the habits, likes to focus in the area of the nozzle with a . 3 ~ 10 m2 for the pond, the water content of 10 to 20 liters / divided into " 3 ~ 10 m2 for the pond, the water content of 10 to 20 liters / divided into ".
Flow Rate
Chinese sturgeon spawning when the average flow velocity in the range of 1. 0 ~ 2. 0 m / s, and the flow pattern is very complex, generally in bends of a river and a deep pool of local spawning in the swirling wind fields, and has a large pebble block
Present Situation Of Chinese Sturgeon
In the 1970s, the breeding population in the Yangtze River can reach 10,000 - plus tail, the damming of the 1980s, having plunged to 2176 tail, 2000 only 363 tail, 2010 estimate only 57 In the 1970s, the breeding population in the Yangtze River can reach 10,000 - plus tail, the damming of the 1980s, having plunged to 2176 tail, 2000 only 363 tail, 2010 estimate only 57 . tail from the 80s of 20 century, wild Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River in Yichang section gradually formed a new relevant research institutions begin spawning tail from the 80s of 20 century, wild Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River in Yichang section gradually formed a new relevant research institutions begin spawning .
Rivcr of Acipenser sinensis Rivcr of Acipenser sinensis . monitoring activities over the years, the natural wild Chinese sturgeon spawning mostly concentrated in the middle of November,a few years in late November monitoring activities over the years, the natural wild Chinese sturgeon spawning mostly concentrated in the middle of November,a few years in late November .
1980s Indicators of the scientific research and the yangtze river fisheries research institute of the Chinese sturgeon fishing is the Institute each year on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the tail, but the two institutions annually each caught fifty or sixty tail has very good 1980s Indicators of the scientific research and the yangtze river fisheries research institute of the Chinese sturgeon fishing is the Institute each year on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the tail, but the two institutions annually each caught fifty or sixty tail has very good . 2000 years later, two each year add up to only twenty or thirty tail 2000 years later, two each year add up to only twenty or thirty tail .
2008 fishing year, the Ministry of Agriculture to organize expert demonstration, and it is estimated that the number of breeding populations of fewer than 200 tail, wild populations in peril, the scientific research on fishing halt 2008 fishing year, the Ministry of Agriculture to organize expert demonstration, and it is estimated that the number of breeding populations of fewer than 200 tail, wild populations in peril, the scientific research on fishing halt . 2013, Gezhouba downstream of wild Chinese sturgeon spawning, breeding season, were not monitored in any of the egg and fertilized, since Dam was built after truncating the sturgeon's spawning path,For the first time in 32 years to put a stop to the natural spawning 2013, Gezhouba downstream of wild Chinese sturgeon spawning, breeding season, were not monitored in any of the egg and fertilized, since Dam was built after truncating the sturgeon's spawning path,For the first time in 32 years to put a stop to the natural spawning .
31 October 2013, the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences began to enter the yangtze river fisheries research institute of chinese sturgeon acipenser sinensis core 31 October 2013, the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences began to enter the yangtze river fisheries research institute of chinese sturgeon acipenser sinensis core . monitoring conducted in the vicinity of the monitoring range of Gezhouba hydropower station dam is 15 km south of the river within the monitoring conducted in the vicinity of the monitoring range of Gezhouba hydropower station dam is 15 km south of the river within the .
In lasted 58 days of monitoring, although several research institutes are adopted in the underwater photography, underwater sonar detection, visiting fishermen and artificial tissue was observed in the ways, but always failed to monitor wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning In lasted 58 days of monitoring, although several research institutes are adopted in the underwater photography, underwater sonar detection, visiting fishermen and artificial tissue was observed in the ways, but always failed to monitor wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning . December 27th afternoon, the Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences,China Aquatic Science Research Institute at the yangtze river and the Yangtze River in Hubei Yichang Natural Reserve of Acipenser sinensis Treatment Center ended joint monitoring activities December 27th afternoon, the Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences,China Aquatic Science Research Institute at the yangtze river and the Yangtze River in Hubei Yichang Natural Reserve of Acipenser sinensis Treatment Center ended joint monitoring activities .
showed that 2013 has not yet found a wild Chinese sturgeon to lay eggs naturally, which is the first time in 32 years not monitored in wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning showed that 2013 has not yet found a wild Chinese sturgeon to lay eggs naturally, which is the first time in 32 years not monitored in wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning . 13 September 2013, Xinhuanet Yichang electrically, by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China on the Yangtze River Fishery Resources Management Committee Office of the Principal, the yangtze river fisheries research institute Chinese Academy of International Trade in Endangered Species of Fish Protection, and carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River fish resource survey,Key MS222 2013 natural breeding conditions and existing resources state investigation 13 September 2013, Xinhuanet Yichang electrically, by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China on the Yangtze River Fishery Resources Management Committee Office of the Principal, the yangtze river fisheries research institute Chinese Academy of International Trade in Endangered Species of Fish Protection, and carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River fish resource survey,Key MS222 2013 natural breeding conditions and existing resources state investigation .
Reporter on 13th learned from investigations: Acipenser sinensis in 2013 there is no natural breeding activity occurs, the sturgeon's wild populations into extinction risk Reporter on 13th learned from investigations: Acipenser sinensis in 2013 there is no natural breeding activity occurs, the sturgeon's wild populations into extinction risk . October to the end of December for the sturgeon's special investigations, the experts for the first time in 32 years not monitored in wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning October to the end of December for the sturgeon's special investigations, the experts for the first time in 32 years not monitored in wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning .
by August 2014, the river from Yichang to Shanghai. It didn't find a trace of wild Chinese sturgeon, as symbolised by the researchers of his heart became more leaden without immediate and enhanced protection,wild Chinese sturgeon will face extinction without immediate and enhanced protection,wild Chinese sturgeon will face extinction .
80s of the last century, hydropower, shipping, fishing, pollution and other factors, these are collectively caused to the sturgeon population crisis 80s of the last century, hydropower, shipping, fishing, pollution and other factors, these are collectively caused to the sturgeon population crisis . according to save the sturgeon, Yangtze River ecological remediation should be performed jointly, is to open up more "roosts" according to save the sturgeon, Yangtze River ecological remediation should be performed jointly, is to open up more "roosts" .
on September 2, 2014, damming for the first time in 32 years not monitored in Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning on September 2, 2014, damming for the first time in 32 years not monitored in Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning . in September 2014, they again confirmed this news in September 2014, they again confirmed this news .
this may mean that, in the near future, the Chinese sturgeon of the Yangtze River this flagship species facing extinction at the end of October, 2014 this may mean that, in the near future, the Chinese sturgeon of the Yangtze River this flagship species facing extinction at the end of October, 2014 . start,scientific research institutions in the continuing of Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning is the monitoring, the monitoring results are expected in 2015, January start,scientific research institutions in the continuing of Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning is the monitoring, the monitoring results are expected in 2015, January .
December 31, 2014, the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences and the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China by the yangtze water ecological engineering institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) deplored the fact that the end of the 2014 annual wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning of joint monitoring activities December 31, 2014, the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences and the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China by the yangtze water ecological engineering institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) deplored the fact that the end of the 2014 annual wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning of joint monitoring activities . monitoring results: Failed to find wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning monitoring results: Failed to find wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning .
This is the first time in 2013 after again failing to monitor wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning This is the first time in 2013 after again failing to monitor wild Acipenser sinensis after natural spawning .
Infrastructure
Institute
1981 on the Yangtze River Dammed by Gezhouba Water Conservancy, Ministry of Agriculture has taken decisive measures on 1981 on the Yangtze River Dammed by Gezhouba Water Conservancy, Ministry of Agriculture has taken decisive measures on . for captive breeding of the sturgeon fishing and the affinity and number of fishing sites, strict time limits, to protect the river and estuary of juvenile Amur sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon stocking of enlarged scale, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Yibin, the Yangtze River in the course of the year to launch the sturgeon breeding fry, let this rare Chinese sturgeon species had long lives forever for captive breeding of the sturgeon fishing and the affinity and number of fishing sites, strict time limits, to protect the river and estuary of juvenile Amur sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon stocking of enlarged scale, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Yibin, the Yangtze River in the course of the year to launch the sturgeon breeding fry, let this rare Chinese sturgeon species had long lives forever .
Gezhouba Project in order to compensate for the adverse effects of the Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, Acipenser sinensis 330 Engineering Bureau established the Yichang Institute Gezhouba Project in order to compensate for the adverse effects of the Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, Acipenser sinensis 330 Engineering Bureau established the Yichang Institute . measures 1, implements the whole Jiang and oyster fishing limits for scientific research, the fish,The sturgeon's measures 1, implements the whole Jiang and oyster fishing limits for scientific research, the fish,The sturgeon's .
management procedures by the national government investment support China's Hubei province, Sichuan province on the Yangtze, establish fishery station, and to help local fishermen;In 1983 a total ban on sturgeon fishing and strict limits for scientific research, the fish;1988 Wildlife Protection Law, the Chinese sturgeon is included in the national protection list management procedures by the national government investment support China's Hubei province, Sichuan province on the Yangtze, establish fishery station, and to help local fishermen;In 1983 a total ban on sturgeon fishing and strict limits for scientific research, the fish;1988 Wildlife Protection Law, the Chinese sturgeon is included in the national protection list . Quanjiang to strictly enforce the ban, so as to protect the sturgeon juvenile sturgeons and pro - migratory, and maximize the preservation of the spawning stock and Quanjiang to strictly enforce the ban, so as to protect the sturgeon juvenile sturgeons and pro - migratory, and maximize the preservation of the spawning stock and .
2, Acipenser sinensis to carry out scientific research, artificial proliferation and releasing and 2, Acipenser sinensis to carry out scientific research, artificial proliferation and releasing and . activities in 1983, the yangtze river fisheries research institute, Bureau of Hubei Province, Yichang Institute of Aquaculture of the artifical propagation of chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis downward Gezhouba Group acquires the hatchling success shortly thereafter began to be released to the Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) seedling and seedling activities in 1983, the yangtze river fisheries research institute, Bureau of Hubei Province, Yichang Institute of Aquaculture of the artifical propagation of chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis downward Gezhouba Group acquires the hatchling success shortly thereafter began to be released to the Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) seedling and seedling .
to statistics, from 1983 to 1998,Releasing a total of nearly 600 million Chinese sturgeon and the specifications of the Miao to statistics, from 1983 to 1998,Releasing a total of nearly 600 million Chinese sturgeon and the specifications of the Miao . 1999 December 10 heat fries with a 10cm above the large - sized Acipenser sinensis seedlings, more than 15 years with the same specifications with respect to the total of the sturgeon Miao 1999 December 10 heat fries with a 10cm above the large - sized Acipenser sinensis seedlings, more than 15 years with the same specifications with respect to the total of the sturgeon Miao .
3, extensive publicity and education activities focusing on the whole society to preserve the fish in the River 3, extensive publicity and education activities focusing on the whole society to preserve the fish in the River . peopleapos; s governments at various levels and their administrative departments for fisheries under the people's and the joint efforts of the broad masses of the people, the whole society protect the sturgeon's consciousness is improved day by day, the river fishermen catch sturgeon can consciously release, find the thieves stealing can report, market exploit the sturgeon's behavior was studied. The results showed that the extinct
,Because the Chinese have adopted comprehensive protection countermeasure, thereby delaying the population greatly reduced the resources of the process, substantially preserves the anadromous spawning stock, Acipenser sinensis, research and propagation, laid the groundwork for Chinese sturgeon species numbers have rebounded ,Because the Chinese have adopted comprehensive protection countermeasure, thereby delaying the population greatly reduced the resources of the process, substantially preserves the anadromous spawning stock, Acipenser sinensis, research and propagation, laid the groundwork for Chinese sturgeon species numbers have rebounded . yangtze river fisheries research institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences in 1983 broke the regulations for the artifical propagation of chinese sturgeon, acipenser sinensis 330 Engineering Bureau of Yichang Institute was established in 1984 to also obtain a breakthrough, regarding the artificial breeding and releasing work has been successfully tested and yangtze river fisheries research institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences in 1983 broke the regulations for the artifical propagation of chinese sturgeon, acipenser sinensis 330 Engineering Bureau of Yichang Institute was established in 1984 to also obtain a breakthrough, regarding the artificial breeding and releasing work has been successfully tested and .
starting in 1983, at the yangtze each year to the captive bred juvenile sturgeons released into Yangtze River,But due to the breeding and cultivation technology of scale being limited, and a yearly breed with a length of 8 ~ 10 cm and a weight of 3 to 5 grams of reached the design specifications of juvenile sturgeons in less than 1, 000, 000, the most years is thus almost zero starting in 1983, at the yangtze each year to the captive bred juvenile sturgeons released into Yangtze River,But due to the breeding and cultivation technology of scale being limited, and a yearly breed with a length of 8 ~ 10 cm and a weight of 3 to 5 grams of reached the design specifications of juvenile sturgeons in less than 1, 000, 000, the most years is thus almost zero ., the sturgeon populations, mainly rely on the reality in the natural breeding of immature sturgeon spawning , the sturgeon populations, mainly rely on the reality in the natural breeding of immature sturgeon spawning .
Refuge
China has set up for the sturgeon's protected areas, i.e. on the nature reserve (municipal, 2002), national nature reserve (hubei province yichang, 2004), a provincial nature reserve in Dongtai, Jiangsu Province, Dongtai 2000) where the nature reserve is the earliest establishment of the reserve, is the provincial - level reserve 2000) where the nature reserve is the earliest establishment of the reserve, is the provincial - level reserve .
Dongtai nature reserve by the national and provincial demonstration by experts and senior officials, founded in 2000, provided the sturgeon breeding research center, from the beginning of 2002, the year which has gone through a bleed Dongtai nature reserve by the national and provincial demonstration by experts and senior officials, founded in 2000, provided the sturgeon breeding research center, from the beginning of 2002, the year which has gone through a bleed . Dongtai provincial nature reserve,120 50 located east longitude, north latitude of 32 40 - 33 15 Dongtai provincial nature reserve,120 50 located east longitude, north latitude of 32 40 - 33 15 .
35 with an area of 0.96 km2, of which, the core 5. 38 km2, the buffer 10. 2 square kilometers, and the experimental area of 20.36 km2 place enjoys a temperate climate, rich resources and place enjoys a temperate climate, rich resources and .
statistics, this region existing wildlife 701 species, of which 220 species of invertebrate, vertebrate species statistics, this region existing wildlife 701 species, of which 220 species of invertebrate, vertebrate species . 481 Since time immemorial, the Chinese sturgeon as Chinese endemic species, one in spring and summer, in every other set in the waters, inhabiting fattening 481 Since time immemorial, the Chinese sturgeon as Chinese endemic species, one in spring and summer, in every other set in the waters, inhabiting fattening .
coast within the nature reserve has more than 20 kinds of mammals,56 plant species;sea area in the Yellow Sea Mermaid (Pseudorca crassidens), balls (YELLOW SEA) AND coast within the nature reserve has more than 20 kinds of mammals,56 plant species;sea area in the Yellow Sea Mermaid (Pseudorca crassidens), balls (YELLOW SEA) AND . "It is not only the natural forest of cranes and other rare birds wintering habitat, and also in eastern China from South to North migration of birds of passage, of the area is 365 species of birds, of which, at the national level to protect rare birds and 16 species, 27 rare species "It is not only the natural forest of cranes and other rare birds wintering habitat, and also in eastern China from South to North migration of birds of passage, of the area is 365 species of birds, of which, at the national level to protect rare birds and 16 species, 27 rare species .
Protection
China key protected wildlife list: First - level;"World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of IUCN: Critically Endangered (CR);Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (CITES: Appendix II;"China Species Red List: Endangered (EN);included in the "China Red Data Book of Endangered Fish" China key protected wildlife list: First - level;"World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of IUCN: Critically Endangered (CR);Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (CITES: Appendix II;"China Species Red List: Endangered (EN);included in the "China Red Data Book of Endangered Fish" .
Precautions
the protection is an urgent need to address several problems: first, the Gezhouba Water Conservancy and releasing of the sturgeon's migratory birth and lays down a minimum amount of the protection is an urgent need to address several problems: first, the Gezhouba Water Conservancy and releasing of the sturgeon's migratory birth and lays down a minimum amount of . second, Chinese sturgeon were stocked with the scale and size is small, the Chinese sturgeon propagation and releasing effect is not obvious second, Chinese sturgeon were stocked with the scale and size is small, the Chinese sturgeon propagation and releasing effect is not obvious .
Third, once water, spawning below Gezhouba Dam water level will decrease, possibly causing fatal threat to the sturgeon's Third, once water, spawning below Gezhouba Dam water level will decrease, possibly causing fatal threat to the sturgeon's . the sturgeon's spawning season in mid - October to early November, in the Yangtze River before the construction of Gezhouba Water Conservancy Project, the sturgeon's spawning grounds located in the upper Yangtze River and Jinsha River of the lower section when the operation after the completion of the Three - Gorges Project the sturgeon's spawning season in mid - October to early November, in the Yangtze River before the construction of Gezhouba Water Conservancy Project, the sturgeon's spawning grounds located in the upper Yangtze River and Jinsha River of the lower section when the operation after the completion of the Three - Gorges Project .
,October will be a large number of reservoir impounding, reservoir water level from 175 meters to 145 meters, the letdown flow rate significantly, by October the average flow rate from the building in front of dam of 18980 m3 / s to reduce 11090 m3 / s, reflecting a decrease of 41 per cent of the Gezhouba project, therefore the river upstream to the spawning grounds of Acipenser sinensis, immediately below the Gezhouba Dam in Yichang Shipyard of endurance to Wanshou Bridge near about 7 km south of the river, forming new spawning grounds, covering an area of about 330 hectares of the ,October will be a large number of reservoir impounding, reservoir water level from 175 meters to 145 meters, the letdown flow rate significantly, by October the average flow rate from the building in front of dam of 18980 m3 / s to reduce 11090 m3 / s, reflecting a decrease of 41 per cent of the Gezhouba project, therefore the river upstream to the spawning grounds of Acipenser sinensis, immediately below the Gezhouba Dam in Yichang Shipyard of endurance to Wanshou Bridge near about 7 km south of the river, forming new spawning grounds, covering an area of about 330 hectares of the . will not large sturgeon spawning site in Yichang area and has narrowed itsmake the sturgeon to reproduce naturally subject to adverse influence of the will not large sturgeon spawning site in Yichang area and has narrowed itsmake the sturgeon to reproduce naturally subject to adverse influence of the .
to the statistics, the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze sturgeon can produce 2 to 3 kilograms of to the statistics, the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze sturgeon can produce 2 to 3 kilograms of . but fishing is too much. It moves with a low reproductive rate, longer maturity (10 years), its population has been dwindling
is this China's specialty is the "living fossil" from destruction, authorities have put the Chinese sturgeon protected is this China's specialty is the "living fossil" from destruction, authorities have put the Chinese sturgeon protected .
Ecological Value
Academic Value
The China sturgeon is the most ancient of vertebrates, fish is the common ancestor of the descendants of the ancient coelacanth, a history of more than 140 million year history The China sturgeon is the most ancient of vertebrates, fish is the common ancestor of the descendants of the ancient coelacanth, a history of more than 140 million year history . and and .
the same time as dinosaurs because they own the sturgeon, having a series of original, showing that neither of them is the Chondrichthyes (sharks) and bony fishes and the like between the groups, and in more primitive bony fishes, fish in the evolution of important academic value the same time as dinosaurs because they own the sturgeon, having a series of original, showing that neither of them is the Chondrichthyes (sharks) and bony fishes and the like between the groups, and in more primitive bony fishes, fish in the evolution of important academic value . Acipenser sinensis, in its category, plays an important role, is the study of the evolution of important reference to study the evolution, geology, geomorphology, transgression,regressive surface of the planet's vicissitude has important scientific value and that it is difficult to put ecological, social, and economic value Acipenser sinensis, in its category, plays an important role, is the study of the evolution of important reference to study the evolution, geology, geomorphology, transgression,regressive surface of the planet's vicissitude has important scientific value and that it is difficult to put ecological, social, and economic value .
but for various reasons, this rare animals has been on the verge of extinction and but for various reasons, this rare animals has been on the verge of extinction and . protect and save this rare "living fossil" of the development and rational utilization of wildlife resources and maintaining ecological balance, has the profound significance of her I protect and save this rare "living fossil" of the development and rational utilization of wildlife resources and maintaining ecological balance, has the profound significance of her I .
can be seen some traces of biological evolution, and therefore is called the aquatic organisms in the fossil of the can be seen some traces of biological evolution, and therefore is called the aquatic organisms in the fossil of the .
Medicinal Value
Acipenser sinensis is a source of useful fatty fish Acipenser sinensis is a source of useful fatty fish . its fish curry, fish eggs may be making jam, fish medicine, fish, fish sausage, dried fish, fish, etc are the superior delicacies. It's, and spinal cord can be used to make isinglass
muscle protein content was 16. 42 - 20. 41%, fat was 0.05 4. 32%;the content of protein in the liver. 31 - 16. 26%, fat 16. 63 - 27. 58%;eggs in the protein content of 90 - 70%, the fat was 18. 06 - 24.00 muscles and eggs all contain the same determination may be of 17 kinds of amino acids which contain muscles and eggs all contain the same determination may be of 17 kinds of amino acids which contain .
8 kinds of essential amino acids (except in cases where the acid hydrolysis is the destruction of the color of the amino acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine);Two semi - essential amino acids (arginine and histidine, babies are necessary);non - essential amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) 8 kinds of essential amino acids (except in cases where the acid hydrolysis is the destruction of the color of the amino acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine);Two semi - essential amino acids (arginine and histidine, babies are necessary);non - essential amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) . in muscle in high content of amino acids are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine;low content of amino acids are histidine, methionine and cystine;Put them in order of the content of the remaining amino acids are different in terms of the females of the same muscle in muscle in high content of amino acids are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine;low content of amino acids are histidine, methionine and cystine;Put them in order of the content of the remaining amino acids are different in terms of the females of the same muscle .
containing essential and semi essential amino acid content of the amino acid content of 48. 54%, the egg is 48. 80%;Males accounted for 49 of the muscles. 105 "Compendium of Materia Medica" record: "scabies attending their liver, meat, yiqi, bloody stranguria, its nasal flesh dried under air deficiency, its seeds such as bean, eat bodybuilding, intra - abdominal bug kill 105 "Compendium of Materia Medica" record: "scabies attending their liver, meat, yiqi, bloody stranguria, its nasal flesh dried under air deficiency, its seeds such as bean, eat bodybuilding, intra - abdominal bug kill .
"".
