Paul Sweezy and Paul (1910 - 2004), in 1910, was born in New York April 10, 1937 and obtained a doctorate from Harvard Paul Sweezy and Paul (1910 - 2004), in 1910, was born in New York April 10, 1937 and obtained a doctorate from Harvard . 1932 - 1933, he served in the British London School of Economics study, published in 1942 in "Capitalism Development On The Theory of Capitalist Development), during World War II, he served in the Strategic Service for four years, after World War II, returned to the Harvard faculty, after failing to get tenure,but in 1946 left Harvard, after which he had previously served as Cornell, Yale, Stanford, and the like, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester, and in 1949 founded the leftist magazine "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review, and served as its editor until his death in 1983, 1932 - 1933, he served in the British London School of Economics study, published in 1942 in "Capitalism Development On The Theory of Capitalist Development), during World War II, he served in the Strategic Service for four years, after World War II, returned to the Harvard faculty, after failing to get tenure,but in 1946 left Harvard, after which he had previously served as Cornell, Yale, Stanford, and the like, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester, and in 1949 founded the leftist magazine "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review, and served as its editor until his death in 1983, .
It looks at India's being awarded the honorary degree of doctor of literature, In 1999 he received the Evolutionary Economics and was awarded the Veblen - Commons Award It looks at India's being awarded the honorary degree of doctor of literature, In 1999 he received the Evolutionary Economics and was awarded the Veblen - Commons Award . 2004 Feb. 27 at the time died of a heart attack at the age of 93,
Sweezy is 20th Century American Marxist economist,In the inheritance and development of Marxist economic theories and achievements have Sweezy is 20th Century American Marxist economist,In the inheritance and development of Marxist economic theories and achievements have .
A Brief History
Paul Sweezy, 1910 - 2004), in 1910, was born in New York April 10, the three brothers in his third, whose father was a New York National Bank vice president, which he later inherited a fortune in Paul Sweezy, 1910 - 2004), in 1910, was born in New York April 10, the three brothers in his third, whose father was a New York National Bank vice president, which he later inherited a fortune in . from Harvard in 1931 he received his Bachelor's Degree from Harvard University in 1937 and received his doctoral degree in from Harvard in 1931 he received his Bachelor's Degree from Harvard University in 1937 and received his doctoral degree in .
1932 - 1933, he worked as a British Refresher School of Economics, during which time he became a Marxist, as he picked up on:western mainstream economics in the 20th century do not contribute to the understanding of the major events and social trends 1932 - 1933, he worked as a British Refresher School of Economics, during which time he became a Marxist, as he picked up on:western mainstream economics in the 20th century do not contribute to the understanding of the major events and social trends . however, able to interpret these issues of Marxism, in the United Kingdom, the United States also ignored and so shallow as to treat, in this regard English publications rarely however, able to interpret these issues of Marxism, in the United Kingdom, the United States also ignored and so shallow as to treat, in this regard English publications rarely .
this situation aroused Sweezy for creating a "serious and real North American brand of Marxism" wish this situation aroused Sweezy for creating a "serious and real North American brand of Marxism" wish . 1936 John Maynard Keynes' "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" was published, Sweezy took a very active part in the Harvard on Keynesian economics revolution theory discussion 1936 John Maynard Keynes' "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" was published, Sweezy took a very active part in the Harvard on Keynesian economics revolution theory discussion .
as he prepared for a variety of left - wing mechanism working as he prepared for a variety of left - wing mechanism working . in 1937,He gave the National Resources Committee "in the U.S. economic interests" of the analysis, and in 1939 as a National Resources Board's famous report on" America's economic structure "with the publication of the Appendix
Berle and Means who are the so - called large U.S. companies by the management control of the different assertion, Sweezy pointed out by the industrial and financial union consisting of eight" interest groups" he first listed group is J. P. Morgan Investment Company with his father in the work of the First National Bank of Alliance
Next Sweezy respectively in 1939 and 1940 to the Securities and Exchange Commission and director of Economic Analysis of the Temporary National Economic Commission conducted a study of competition and monopoly Next Sweezy respectively in 1939 and 1940 to the Securities and Exchange Commission and director of Economic Analysis of the Temporary National Economic Commission conducted a study of competition and monopoly . throughout the 1930s he wrote no fewer than 25 articles of economics articles and comments to throughout the 1930s he wrote no fewer than 25 articles of economics articles and comments to .
during that period he wrote two articles on his later work has had lasting influence during that period he wrote two articles on his later work has had lasting influence . is the first in June 1938, published in "Economics Studies Review" on the "expected and economics of scope" is the first in June 1938, published in "Economics Studies Review" on the "expected and economics of scope" .
II, in 1939 he wasIn August "Political Economy", published in the classic, "the oligarch's monopoly of demand" II, in 1939 he wasIn August "Political Economy", published in the classic, "the oligarch's monopoly of demand" . previous article reflects on Keynesian market imbalance and instability concerns previous article reflects on Keynesian market imbalance and instability concerns .
after an article on oligopoly pricing under the condition of the famous" demand curve "theory,It explains the oligopoly's lower prices tend to rise cause after an article on oligopoly pricing under the condition of the famous" demand curve "theory,It explains the oligopoly's lower prices tend to rise cause . Both papers on Sweezy and Paul Baran later suggested that monopoly capital theory has important influence on the Both papers on Sweezy and Paul Baran later suggested that monopoly capital theory has important influence on the .
1942 publication of the "capitalist development On The Theory of Capitalist Development is precisely by this desire to the first fruits of this book has established him as a Marxist economist, ending his years at Harvard's teaching career 1942 publication of the "capitalist development On The Theory of Capitalist Development is precisely by this desire to the first fruits of this book has established him as a Marxist economist, ending his years at Harvard's teaching career . autumn 1943 Sweezy was sent to London service of strategic investigation analysis unit,is responsible for editing the newsletter into a monthly magazine, named "European Political Report newsletter autumn 1943 Sweezy was sent to London service of strategic investigation analysis unit,is responsible for editing the newsletter into a monthly magazine, named "European Political Report newsletter .
these clear - left, anti - fascist stance these clear - left, anti - fascist stance . Sweezy liked him very much in the magazine's editor - in - service strategy of the work in, and the end of the war after being returned to the United States and founded their own magazine wish Sweezy liked him very much in the magazine's editor - in - service strategy of the work in, and the end of the war after being returned to the United States and founded their own magazine wish .
during World War II, he served in the Strategic Service for four years, after World War II, returned to the Harvard faculty, after failing to get tenure, but in 1946 left Harvard, after which he had previously served as Cornell, Yale, Stanford, and the like, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester, and to the establishment of serious,The real cause of the North American brand of Marxism, which was mainly embodied in 1949 founded the leftist magazine "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review, and served as its editor until the death of during World War II, he served in the Strategic Service for four years, after World War II, returned to the Harvard faculty, after failing to get tenure, but in 1946 left Harvard, after which he had previously served as Cornell, Yale, Stanford, and the like, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester, and to the establishment of serious,The real cause of the North American brand of Marxism, which was mainly embodied in 1949 founded the leftist magazine "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review, and served as its editor until the death of . new China the victory of the year of publication of the "Monthly Review" began to focus on well - imperialism and third world revolution on new China the victory of the year of publication of the "Monthly Review" began to focus on well - imperialism and third world revolution on .
in the 1950s, "Monthly Review" focused mostly on the Cold War, McCarthyism concerned in the 1950s, "Monthly Review" focused mostly on the Cold War, McCarthyism concerned . Hu Behrman and Sweezy had always thought that McCarthyism in an attempt to break up the workers, farmers and civil rights activist of the New Deal Coalition therefore Hu Behrman and Sweezy had always thought that McCarthyism in an attempt to break up the workers, farmers and civil rights activist of the New Deal Coalition therefore .
,All the editing in that era have become part of the trial object ,All the editing in that era have become part of the trial object . 1953, Hu Bellman is Joe McCarthy 1953, Hu Bellman is Joe McCarthy .
1954 Senate committee subpoenaed Sweezy was summoned twice 1954 Senate committee subpoenaed Sweezy was summoned twice . Sweezy refused to answer to Henry Wallace, New Hampshire to campaign about human action, he lectures at the University of New Hampshire of the content, and whether his faith and Marx's question, these issues are considered violations of the constitutional amendment of citizens' rights protected in article 1 of the Sweezy refused to answer to Henry Wallace, New Hampshire to campaign about human action, he lectures at the University of New Hampshire of the content, and whether his faith and Marx's question, these issues are considered violations of the constitutional amendment of citizens' rights protected in article 1 of the .
he considered contempt of court and in jail (where he was bailed out for he considered contempt of court and in jail (where he was bailed out for . 1957) on 17 June, the Supreme Court decision in favor of Sweezy's decision:Can't a run - in with "subversion" is rarely associated with the "politics of conduct as the infringement of the constitutional right to freedom of Sweezy 1957) on 17 June, the Supreme Court decision in favor of Sweezy's decision:Can't a run - in with "subversion" is rarely associated with the "politics of conduct as the infringement of the constitutional right to freedom of Sweezy .
is this a case of a verdict became the academic freedom of the famous Case is this a case of a verdict became the academic freedom of the famous Case . Sweezy in 1971 at the University of Cambridge, gave a talk entitled" monopoly capitalism theory "(later entitled" Modern capitalism and other essays", 1972),tittle "Monopoly Capital" initially squabbled over one of the most profound discussion Sweezy in 1971 at the University of Cambridge, gave a talk entitled" monopoly capitalism theory "(later entitled" Modern capitalism and other essays", 1972),tittle "Monopoly Capital" initially squabbled over one of the most profound discussion .
this period in his young leftist plutonomy home almost mythical this period in his young leftist plutonomy home almost mythical . two Nobel Prize laureates Kenneth Arrow and Paul Samuelson in 1973 in "The New York Times writing about the rapid development of new left - wing economics very well,believes that Sweezy is unquestionably an American radical economics leader two Nobel Prize laureates Kenneth Arrow and Paul Samuelson in 1973 in "The New York Times writing about the rapid development of new left - wing economics very well,believes that Sweezy is unquestionably an American radical economics leader .
in the 1980s supply economics is increasingly the case, Sweezy and Ma Gdov constantly back carefully studied the 1930s polemics about the stagnation of investment and capitalist society of the problems in the in the 1980s supply economics is increasingly the case, Sweezy and Ma Gdov constantly back carefully studied the 1930s polemics about the stagnation of investment and capitalist society of the problems in the . Sweezy in 1987 for "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" article, given his history of monopoly capitalism analysis provided a brief overview of the most Sweezy in 1987 for "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" article, given his history of monopoly capitalism analysis provided a brief overview of the most .
1983 drama film directed by Jia looks at India awarded the honorary degree of doctor of literature,In 1999 he received the Evolutionary Economics and was awarded the Veblen - Commons Award 1983 drama film directed by Jia looks at India awarded the honorary degree of doctor of literature,In 1999 he received the Evolutionary Economics and was awarded the Veblen - Commons Award . 2004 Feb. 27 at the time died of a heart attack at the age of 93, 
Major Works
In the "Monthly Review" magazine, he and like - minded colleagues, has published a number of modern capitalism and criticizes the articles and monographs, treatises, and has a wide - ranging influence, therefore, Japan's modern economic seminar had listed him as Quesnay from 30 bits since one of prominent economist In the "Monthly Review" magazine, he and like - minded colleagues, has published a number of modern capitalism and criticizes the articles and monographs, treatises, and has a wide - ranging influence, therefore, Japan's modern economic seminar had listed him as Quesnay from 30 bits since one of prominent economist . "history as of now" (1953), "Monopoly Capital" (with Paul Brett, 1966), "The End of Prosperity" (with Harry McGraw doffer, 1981),"The revolutionary and post - conflict societies" (1982)," Marxism and Lectures (1982) "capitalist developmental theory of Marxism plutonomy principle" (1942), "On to Her Transition to Socialism" (1972), "The End of Tan (or Tan) Fewer globalization" (1993) "to commemorate the centennial of the birth of Mao Zedong in his speech" (Paul Sweezy, Harry. Harry Ma Gdov (1993) of 11 December), "The Communist Manifesto" (1998)
Economic Thought
1, Sweezy into Marxist economics after the first contribution was his masterpiece, was published in 1942 of the "capitalist development theory of Marxism plutonomy principle" 1, Sweezy into Marxist economics after the first contribution was his masterpiece, was published in 1942 of the "capitalist development theory of Marxism plutonomy principle" . in this book, Sweezy on Marxian economics, especially "Das Kapital", was especially convincing explanation of the innovative in this book, Sweezy on Marxian economics, especially "Das Kapital", was especially convincing explanation of the innovative .
him almost all of the investigated basic issues related to the labor theory of value, until the decline in margins but him almost all of the investigated basic issues related to the labor theory of value, until the decline in margins but . That's not to say that his work 'is just a quoted work collecting and arranging quotations That's not to say that his work 'is just a quoted work collecting and arranging quotations .
his Marxist ideas of the fair is also a clear articulation of,Meanwhile - and offered his own thoughts by his Marxist ideas of the fair is also a clear articulation of,Meanwhile - and offered his own thoughts by . "capitalist development, Sweezy established his lifetime career of Marxist Political Economics Research basis and research methods, and exhibits very high degree of originality from "capitalist development, Sweezy established his lifetime career of Marxist Political Economics Research basis and research methods, and exhibits very high degree of originality from .
methodology, Sweezy to inherit Marx's scientific abstract and treat the social problem of historical change (eye) methodology, Sweezy to inherit Marx's scientific abstract and treat the social problem of historical change (eye) . therefore, follows the" Das Kapital ", Volume 1 of the practice by concrete to the abstract of the step, in order to grasp the essence of surplus value production and accumulation of the capitalist impulse learning" Das Kapital "Section 2,Vol. 3 by the use of more abstract again rises to the concrete method, are included in the analysis previously conscious homes like some of the factors to explain the reality of things that exist in the
Sweezy think by this, it is possible to develop Marxism, Marxist analysis of it's too late for vague or responded to a question with an answer about Sweezy think by this, it is possible to develop Marxism, Marxist analysis of it's too late for vague or responded to a question with an answer about . Basis, Sweezy aspect really to basic Marxist view, such as labor, surplus value and profit margins decline, with the labour reserve accumulation theory, the theory of the state, concentrated capital accumulation theory and the capitalism and the transitional theory like Basis, Sweezy aspect really to basic Marxist view, such as labor, surplus value and profit margins decline, with the labour reserve accumulation theory, the theory of the state, concentrated capital accumulation theory and the capitalism and the transitional theory like .
but at the same time,He also noted that, in the history of the Marxists and external controversy and contemporary Western scholars of monopoly capitalism run but at the same time,He also noted that, in the history of the Marxists and external controversy and contemporary Western scholars of monopoly capitalism run . the observations described in his book "There are quite a lot of space there for the introduction, and reviews of various related and contrary to the doctrine, and personal commitment to abandon and comprehensive, which is particularly notable: Certainly and supplemental Usain Bolt in the molina, is changed into production price and the value of Marx on the question of the revision (by introduction and supplement to this, the problems that are causing a 20 - year controversy), Second International theorists introduced in" crisis" and a "collapse" of the controversy over the issue,reaffirm Rosa Luxemburg revisionism of class" and "Parliament" On the Criticism and absorption Hilferding on imperialism, from an ideological standpoint the observations described in his book "There are quite a lot of space there for the introduction, and reviews of various related and contrary to the doctrine, and personal commitment to abandon and comprehensive, which is particularly notable: Certainly and supplemental Usain Bolt in the molina, is changed into production price and the value of Marx on the question of the revision (by introduction and supplement to this, the problems that are causing a 20 - year controversy), Second International theorists introduced in" crisis" and a "collapse" of the controversy over the issue,reaffirm Rosa Luxemburg revisionism of class" and "Parliament" On the Criticism and absorption Hilferding on imperialism, from an ideological standpoint .
Sweezy Marx with profit margins declined to explain the crisis of belief, and convincingly demonstrades the argument Sweezy Marx with profit margins declined to explain the crisis of belief, and convincingly demonstrades the argument . but more often than not he was criticised, he developed Marx's works in the under - consumption theory, although he considers this insufficient consumption of Marx thought in Capitol did not like the falling rate of profit theory's, full demonstration but more often than not he was criticised, he developed Marx's works in the under - consumption theory, although he considers this insufficient consumption of Marx thought in Capitol did not like the falling rate of profit theory's, full demonstration .
Sweezy in Marx's works in the under - consumption theory, based on the idea,in conjunction with the Keynesian Theory of Effective Demend, introduced in the accumulation of capital as its motivation and the insufficient consumption of crisis theory, which means the insatiable greed of surplus value, capitalist class are improving the rate of accumulation and Organic Composition of Sweezy in Marx's works in the under - consumption theory, based on the idea,in conjunction with the Keynesian Theory of Effective Demend, introduced in the accumulation of capital as its motivation and the insufficient consumption of crisis theory, which means the insatiable greed of surplus value, capitalist class are improving the rate of accumulation and Organic Composition of . So, in terms of consumption appears to be: on the one hand the capitalists consumption growth lags behind all the surplus growth for the first time in the accumulation portion receding in the payment of wages; on the other hand, the production of consumer goods but at least it's the same as well as the input of the means of production will increase in exact proportion, with the result that the rate of consumption has outpaced growth in consumer goods production growth trend,Sooner or later they have to cut output as prices fall and the economic crisis, the underutilization of productive capacity or long - term stagnation; even in the presence of factors that counteract the under - consumption, and also in some ways this trend will reverse the So, in terms of consumption appears to be: on the one hand the capitalists consumption growth lags behind all the surplus growth for the first time in the accumulation portion receding in the payment of wages; on the other hand, the production of consumer goods but at least it's the same as well as the input of the means of production will increase in exact proportion, with the result that the rate of consumption has outpaced growth in consumer goods production growth trend,Sooner or later they have to cut output as prices fall and the economic crisis, the underutilization of productive capacity or long - term stagnation; even in the presence of factors that counteract the under - consumption, and also in some ways this trend will reverse the .
this crisis and stagnation theory, different from both the basic contradiction of capitalism and the bourgeoisie of the secrecy of the (Keynesian) theory of effective demand or petty - bourgeois writers and artists (such as Sismondi) Underconsumptionism also (unlike many cloth and Ripley by the misunderstanding of the Selle and the like) of the decrease in profitability crisis theory, the more different from the production to a consumer from Peter Du Gang - Baranovsky imbalance: On this crisis and stagnation theory, different from both the basic contradiction of capitalism and the bourgeoisie of the secrecy of the (Keynesian) theory of effective demand or petty - bourgeois writers and artists (such as Sismondi) Underconsumptionism also (unlike many cloth and Ripley by the misunderstanding of the Selle and the like) of the decrease in profitability crisis theory, the more different from the production to a consumer from Peter Du Gang - Baranovsky imbalance: On . however,capital accumulation associated with the inadequate consumption, containing decreasing profit factors, also manifests a disproportion, Sweezy's view, this crisis may have not only theory in Capital are different seemingly, but Marx's various statements, and to avoid the marxists respectively and the classic word confusion however,capital accumulation associated with the inadequate consumption, containing decreasing profit factors, also manifests a disproportion, Sweezy's view, this crisis may have not only theory in Capital are different seemingly, but Marx's various statements, and to avoid the marxists respectively and the classic word confusion .
through capital accumulation process of the contradictory analysis, Sweezy monopoly capitalist economy made creative and description on the through capital accumulation process of the contradictory analysis, Sweezy monopoly capitalist economy made creative and description on the . he pointed out, is the accumulation of monopoly of normal partner, because the accumulation of expanded the production unit,while the economies of scale, that sparked competition towards centralization and the monopoly is the basic reason, and that, in turn, surplus value from the monopoly to a small block of capital moving to larger blocks of the capital, and this increases the degree of accumulation of an amount of a residual value in the specific gravity of higher than prices on he pointed out, is the accumulation of monopoly of normal partner, because the accumulation of expanded the production unit,while the economies of scale, that sparked competition towards centralization and the monopoly is the basic reason, and that, in turn, surplus value from the monopoly to a small block of capital moving to larger blocks of the capital, and this increases the degree of accumulation of an amount of a residual value in the specific gravity of higher than prices on .
equalization values, the yield is lower than the equilibrium value of monopoly capital for high profits they had put in place to ensure this, monopoly now increases the rate of accumulation, the margin squeeze might have incurred, a cartel are less willing to use its accumulated within the preserve, but rather a new capital investment in industry or in foreign competitive field, and more attention to labour - saving new technology,This gave an edge in competitive industries in falling consumption and trends of employment, i.e., adds to the crisis and recession of incentive can be seen, Sweezy for monopoly capitalist economy, Marx and Lenin than more specific analysis of can be seen, Sweezy for monopoly capitalist economy, Marx and Lenin than more specific analysis of .
thereby, Sweezy again in 1916 as Lenin put forward the famous proposition "Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism" is an important part of the thereby, Sweezy again in 1916 as Lenin put forward the famous proposition "Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism" is an important part of the . for example, he pointed out: the trade protection policy, are sometimes not self - defense, but attack, i.e. to facilitate - the country dumping foreign capital; capital is indeed in the domestic investment opportunity is not to be filled, and people under the conditions of poverty,But domestic investment opportunities and mass poverty is by capital investment (the pursuit of higher margins and alleviate the domestic labour market pressure) caused by imperialism of its inherent economic, political, but also the monopoly capital the distorted and inciting nationalist consciousness in the
of the imperialist and he is one particular form of fascism, Marxism writers is certainly unprecedented; the definition of the limits of imperialism, but also can be said to be the new of the imperialist and he is one particular form of fascism, Marxism writers is certainly unprecedented; the definition of the limits of imperialism, but also can be said to be the new ., Sweezy of "capitalist development theory", is the one who makes" marxism plutonomy principle "as a subtitle,But not only is the book in the English - speaking countries in the popularization of marxism plutonomy teaching material, which is also a basic principle of Marx's methodology and interpretation of contemporary capitalism run of , Sweezy of "capitalist development theory", is the one who makes" marxism plutonomy principle "as a subtitle,But not only is the book in the English - speaking countries in the popularization of marxism plutonomy teaching material, which is also a basic principle of Marx's methodology and interpretation of contemporary capitalism run of .
Someone even believes that even today, this book for those wanting a serious understanding of Marxist ideology of the students is still the best introduction to Someone even believes that even today, this book for those wanting a serious understanding of Marxist ideology of the students is still the best introduction to . 2, Sweezy in Marxist economics and the most important contribution is embodied in his relationship with Paul Brett, co - authored "Monopoly Capital" (Monopoly Capital) 2, Sweezy in Marxist economics and the most important contribution is embodied in his relationship with Paul Brett, co - authored "Monopoly Capital" (Monopoly Capital) .
"Monopoly Capital" is thought to be the most important post - war Western Marxism economics around the world,It represents a contemporary western Marxist economists in a school of monopoly capitalist school of formed "Monopoly Capital" is thought to be the most important post - war Western Marxism economics around the world,It represents a contemporary western Marxist economists in a school of monopoly capitalist school of formed . theory mentioned in the book, especially articulated therein of monopoly capitalism "stagnation theory", on the western academic circles specially the radical economic school of thought of ever - greater impact on theory mentioned in the book, especially articulated therein of monopoly capitalism "stagnation theory", on the western academic circles specially the radical economic school of thought of ever - greater impact on .
Baran and Sweezy think their theory is Kalecki Kalecki (Del) and Stan (Josef Steindl) development Baran and Sweezy think their theory is Kalecki Kalecki (Del) and Stan (Josef Steindl) development . in their works clearly stated: the theory of micro - and macro - theory of re - combining of the pilot is Kalecki,"Not only is he independently discovered (Kane) of" General Theory ", ', and the first house in what he called the' monopoly 'include in his comprehensive economic model among in their works clearly stated: the theory of micro - and macro - theory of re - combining of the pilot is Kalecki,"Not only is he independently discovered (Kane) of" General Theory ", ', and the first house in what he called the' monopoly 'include in his comprehensive economic model among .
further in the same direction out of the big (which to a large extent is influenced by the work's influence), Joseph Stein, in" American capitalism and the stagnation of mature "(1952) further in the same direction out of the big (which to a large extent is influenced by the work's influence), Joseph Stein, in" American capitalism and the stagnation of mature "(1952) . any familiar Kalecki and Stan Del works very much. It's easy to see that the authors' interests in their strong
If we no more frequently quoted they are, or there is no more directly using their theoretical expression, which is due to the fact that,For our purposes, we have found a more convenient and more useable by the different processing and Expression Way of If we no more frequently quoted they are, or there is no more directly using their theoretical expression, which is due to the fact that,For our purposes, we have found a more convenient and more useable by the different processing and Expression Way of . "Baran and Sweezy tries in one giant corporations and big government of the time spirit of Marxism, it mainly focus on the U.S. As Marx was in his time in Britain as the most important and the most advanced capitalist economies,
it also to the depression of the 1930s with 4"during the 1960s by the war that led to the economic recovery when it reviews the background of the it also to the depression of the 1930s with 4"during the 1960s by the war that led to the economic recovery when it reviews the background of the . in theory of form and technique of expression, to Rambis Tindle vastly in theory of form and technique of expression, to Rambis Tindle vastly .
in their theory, the economy is a central category in the remaining (i.e., remaining), the entire theory" is organized around a central topic and to achieve substantially uniform: in the monopoly capitalism under the condition that the remaining production and absorption is" so - called economic surplus, its" most a short definition, is a social product being produced, its production and the balance between the " so - called economic surplus, its" most a short definition, is a social product being produced, its production and the balance between the ".
Sweezy and Baran thought, under the conditions of monopoly capitalism" and the remaining growth "trends, rather than" profit margins decline. " remaining trend of rising because of the giant company with monopoly pricing power, so they may be from the U.S. economy in the non - monopoly sectors and underdeveloped exploitation remaining
For this system of the internal logic of the fundamental problem is the so - called "residual absorption" problem, i.e. Who will buy these giant monopoly companies producing goods?growth and by the remaining residual absorption problems, they further corollary of monopoly capitalism was a contradiction in system "it is always more and more of the remaining, but it cannot provide an increasing absorption of the remaining required therefore is to make the system a harmonious, required for consumption and investment," Way Out "(2) P105, the monopoly of capitalism and the stagnation tendency system "it is always more and more of the remaining, but it cannot provide an increasing absorption of the remaining required therefore is to make the system a harmonious, required for consumption and investment," Way Out "(2) P105, the monopoly of capitalism and the stagnation tendency .
they stress that, if there is no stagnation of countervailing power, monopoly capitalism has long overdue self - collapse of they stress that, if there is no stagnation of countervailing power, monopoly capitalism has long overdue self - collapse of . and they point to three general of countervailing power: enterprise sales efforts,Government expenditure and of the civilian government of military spending and big government and they point to three general of countervailing power: enterprise sales efforts,Government expenditure and of the civilian government of military spending and big government .
they will pull in its imperialist model of monopoly capitalism has been acted they will pull in its imperialist model of monopoly capitalism has been acted . argued in particular that military expenditures for the purchase of surplus produce is necessary; we need the cold war and imperialism, to stop the economic slide into recession again argued in particular that military expenditures for the purchase of surplus produce is necessary; we need the cold war and imperialism, to stop the economic slide into recession again .
can be seen here again of Sweezy and Keynesianism, was out of the Depression of the historical experience of contact: These take us out of the Great Depression and the war is brought on by the huge deficit spending can be seen here again of Sweezy and Keynesianism, was out of the Depression of the historical experience of contact: These take us out of the Great Depression and the war is brought on by the huge deficit spending . This is also the military Keynesianism to clear the view 3 This is also the military Keynesianism to clear the view 3 .
,Sweezy's life the most important of his career is to create "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review magazine, as editor and co - editor) of 50 years, we should say that this is his biggest contribution to Marxism by ,Sweezy's life the most important of his career is to create "Monthly Review" (Monthly Review magazine, as editor and co - editor) of 50 years, we should say that this is his biggest contribution to Marxism by . Monthly Review as one of theory, which maintains and solidarity with the Marxist left, these people always talk about is the actual interest of the world,without willing to take on and / or idolatrous of Marxist dogma of the repetitions and academia are only concerned with petty point Monthly Review as one of theory, which maintains and solidarity with the Marxist left, these people always talk about is the actual interest of the world,without willing to take on and / or idolatrous of Marxist dogma of the repetitions and academia are only concerned with petty point .
Marxism plutonomy is maintained in a central position, it also plays a crucial role in the Marxism plutonomy is maintained in a central position, it also plays a crucial role in the . monthly reviews even form what is referred to as the "Monthly Review School" monthly reviews even form what is referred to as the "Monthly Review School" .
this school of thought in the 20th century 70 's and 80' s constantly in the imperialist and less - developed areas for concern this school of thought in the 20th century 70 's and 80' s constantly in the imperialist and less - developed areas for concern . This is also known as the "dependence school" This is also known as the "dependence school" .
related only to the Monthly Review School dependence school of advocates in the more Marxist spirit related only to the Monthly Review School dependence school of advocates in the more Marxist spirit . for the next half century, the "Monthly Review" exists and develops,McCarthy spent the dark period of the McCarthy period in the 1950s and 1960s it was the left of the for the next half century, the "Monthly Review" exists and develops,McCarthy spent the dark period of the McCarthy period in the 1950s and 1960s it was the left of the .
sign after it, still continue to focus our time, attention from a Marxist perspective studies new phenomena, new problems sign after it, still continue to focus our time, attention from a Marxist perspective studies new phenomena, new problems . where the main point is still the Sweezy himself for his contribution in the second half of the 20th century, mainly with meg, Dave, recording under the emerging and development of capitalism in the new, i.e. capitalism run are becoming increasingly important in the role of finance, which is referred to as the "financialization"
should say they were left in the first to notice the phenomenon and the theoretical interest of the people should say they were left in the first to notice the phenomenon and the theoretical interest of the people . them in her usual and typical of the rigorous attitude, from the base of the theory of Marxism, emphasis on the "financialization" of the wider connotations of marxist theory of keeping abreast of the them in her usual and typical of the rigorous attitude, from the base of the theory of Marxism, emphasis on the "financialization" of the wider connotations of marxist theory of keeping abreast of the .
So, someone from the "Monthly Review" of social influence and Sweezy's contribution to the life of the angle on the left, the "Monthly Review" listed Sweezy on Thursday to mark the first contribution, which is a proper division of So, someone from the "Monthly Review" of social influence and Sweezy's contribution to the life of the angle on the left, the "Monthly Review" listed Sweezy on Thursday to mark the first contribution, which is a proper division of . at Harvard University and his PhD, During his time with Sweezy it gave to the very high talent,under the tutelage of the most famous economist, Joseph Schumpeter, comprehensively and systematically studied western mainstream economics at Harvard University and his PhD, During his time with Sweezy it gave to the very high talent,under the tutelage of the most famous economist, Joseph Schumpeter, comprehensively and systematically studied western mainstream economics .
though their political views and viewpoints differ to, Sweezy was obtained even by Schumpeter, and Schumpeter and forged a deep friendship, the two men had a " though their political views and viewpoints differ to, Sweezy was obtained even by Schumpeter, and Schumpeter and forged a deep friendship, the two men had a "." how to end the Great Depression "and" the future of capitalism ", a controversy broke out, Joseph Alois Schumpeter thought the New Deal meant to be a normal occurrence of creative destruction and innovative entrepreneurs in the process of pressing, while Sweezy both Marxist and John Maynard Keynes,think government intervention and plans to have its necessity, the labouring people of intervention necessary and " how to end the Great Depression "and" the future of capitalism ", a controversy broke out, Joseph Alois Schumpeter thought the New Deal meant to be a normal occurrence of creative destruction and innovative entrepreneurs in the process of pressing, while Sweezy both Marxist and John Maynard Keynes,think government intervention and plans to have its necessity, the labouring people of intervention necessary and .
witnessing their argument, and later Nobel prize - winning economist Paul Samuelson (Samuelson, recalled that when the ratio of Schumpeterian "clever and wise Merlin the Magician (foxy), Sweezy likened it to" young of the Knights of the Round Table "(young) Sir, believes that Sweezy very early" itself to the inclusion of his generation in one of the most promising economists of all "4 witnessing their argument, and later Nobel prize - winning economist Paul Samuelson (Samuelson, recalled that when the ratio of Schumpeterian "clever and wise Merlin the Magician (foxy), Sweezy likened it to" young of the Knights of the Round Table "(young) Sir, believes that Sweezy very early" itself to the inclusion of his generation in one of the most promising economists of all "4 . Sweezy in early mainstream economics in the study of learning and it has been a great success, in part of his PhD, he was firm pricing problems, we put forward to explain, referred to as" demand curve "(demand curve), the demand curve of the bending means is of the firm due to its pricing power and it is thus possible to switch from the normal smooth demand curve in the out of range of the high pricing of the Sweezy in early mainstream economics in the study of learning and it has been a great success, in part of his PhD, he was firm pricing problems, we put forward to explain, referred to as" demand curve "(demand curve), the demand curve of the bending means is of the firm due to its pricing power and it is thus possible to switch from the normal smooth demand curve in the out of range of the high pricing of the .
In microeconomics and industrial organization economics is an important contribution to In microeconomics and industrial organization economics is an important contribution to . for which there is still a minor at that time, and it has a mainstream economist,Obviously for leftist and Sweezy later turned Marxist or shown, at a party says something like: "Sweezy also remember this guy? He put forward the demand curve theory, how good of young economists, it's a pity then that should have been dead!" for which there is still a minor at that time, and it has a mainstream economist,Obviously for leftist and Sweezy later turned Marxist or shown, at a party says something like: "Sweezy also remember this guy? He put forward the demand curve theory, how good of young economists, it's a pity then that should have been dead!".
Character Evaluation
From the "capitalist development ', on the other hand, in the long more than half a century of academic activities, Sweezy of interest always focused on two aspects: the analysis to the monopoly, imperialist and worldwide is a feature of the modern capitalist economy, and to explore the transition from capitalism to socialism From the "capitalist development ', on the other hand, in the long more than half a century of academic activities, Sweezy of interest always focused on two aspects: the analysis to the monopoly, imperialist and worldwide is a feature of the modern capitalist economy, and to explore the transition from capitalism to socialism . Sweezy in his academic works, always being close to reality, neither follow Marxist methodology and the basic, it also has its own innovation, in the comparison and discrimination continue to maintain and carry forward the basic principle of Marxism that the Sweezy in his academic works, always being close to reality, neither follow Marxist methodology and the basic, it also has its own innovation, in the comparison and discrimination continue to maintain and carry forward the basic principle of Marxism that the .
allow his monopoly capitalism will be fully developed in the 20th century, while the combination of theory and practice as well as the outstanding theoretical innovation allow his monopoly capitalism will be fully developed in the 20th century, while the combination of theory and practice as well as the outstanding theoretical innovation . should be saying,After his efforts, as well as some other like - minded support, he realized that the creation of a "serious and real North American brand of Marxism and Marxist intellectuals as should be saying,After his efforts, as well as some other like - minded support, he realized that the creation of a "serious and real North American brand of Marxism and Marxist intellectuals as .
aspirations, he founded the new left - wing institutions in our" Monthly Review ", he can freely criticize the capitalist, while a group of people from the Old Left to the New Left, but also to cultivate a new generation of young activists aspirations, he founded the new left - wing institutions in our" Monthly Review ", he can freely criticize the capitalist, while a group of people from the Old Left to the New Left, but also to cultivate a new generation of young activists . Russell Jacobian in his bestselling book" The Last Intellectuals" (1987) wrote: "The" Monthly Review "magazine's colleagues, especially Paul Brett,Paul Sweezy, Harry Braverman and Henry Ma Gdov works have formed a school, the other American Marxists in consistency, creative, and courageous, and aspect not bracket them Russell Jacobian in his bestselling book" The Last Intellectuals" (1987) wrote: "The" Monthly Review "magazine's colleagues, especially Paul Brett,Paul Sweezy, Harry Braverman and Henry Ma Gdov works have formed a school, the other American Marxists in consistency, creative, and courageous, and aspect not bracket them .
when in other countries of the American Marxist scholar for advice, the advice is the main author of these works, these forces cannot simply be attributed as these the authors life experience; but nor be completely separated from when in other countries of the American Marxist scholar for advice, the advice is the main author of these works, these forces cannot simply be attributed as these the authors life experience; but nor be completely separated from . "Monthly Review" of these authors are at the university, they educated readers writing "Monthly Review" of these authors are at the university, they educated readers writing .
their republication of the book is not a Marxist dogma; nor is it the peers said the monologue their republication of the book is not a Marxist dogma; nor is it the peers said the monologue . "Balan once wrote: "Just tell the truth and the desire to become the intellectuals alone."
The other condition is that the courage from time to time the things of the consequences of the rational opposition challenge comfortably, self - interest to follow The other condition is that the courage from time to time the things of the consequences of the rational opposition challenge comfortably, self - interest to follow . "Paul Sweezy on 27 February 2004 in New York died "Paul Sweezy on 27 February 2004 in New York died .
his legacy is not just academic independence monument shows Balaam said of the courage and dedication to academic his legacy is not just academic independence monument shows Balaam said of the courage and dedication to academic . by founding the" Monthly Review ", he let others share this kind of courage and sacrifice of life by founding the" Monthly Review ", he let others share this kind of courage and sacrifice of life .
he is our idol he is our idol . Sweezy's contribution to the multifaceted include: sociology,history and economics of Sweezy's contribution to the multifaceted include: sociology,history and economics of .
as a matter of fact, now Sweezy received the most attention in the field of sociology, he in sociology in numerous places, played a major role, including with respect to the C Wright Mills' The Power Elite "(The Power Elite (1956), from the collection of partiality on the part of a ruling class or power elites in this important debate at as a matter of fact, now Sweezy received the most attention in the field of sociology, he in sociology in numerous places, played a major role, including with respect to the C Wright Mills' The Power Elite "(The Power Elite (1956), from the collection of partiality on the part of a ruling class or power elites in this important debate at . Sweezy, Mills applied by the political elite, business elite and the military elite composed of three large power elites the problem with a flawedBecause wealth is the dominant force in Sweezy, Mills applied by the political elite, business elite and the military elite composed of three large power elites the problem with a flawedBecause wealth is the dominant force in .
not only politicians will succumb to the holders of wealth, and military leaders will also meet the needs of bourgeois not only politicians will succumb to the holders of wealth, and military leaders will also meet the needs of bourgeois . Sweezy in Nixon's tenure on the program of the American system of ideas", he stated that "the Truman administration from the start, normally by the country's biggest companies such as General Motors, Procter Gamble, Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. and Ford's top brass are controlled by the"
Sweezy to the government and the dominance of the bourgeoisie's role is clear, in his American military doctrine,The countries are in the nature of imperialism and exploitation of organization and tackle the economic crisis on the efforts of various means of analysis on the concrete are more clearly manifested Sweezy to the government and the dominance of the bourgeoisie's role is clear, in his American military doctrine,The countries are in the nature of imperialism and exploitation of organization and tackle the economic crisis on the efforts of various means of analysis on the concrete are more clearly manifested . Sweezy though is, fundamentally, an economist, but he broadened the field of analysis of the record or field.
For example, "Monthly Review" in July 1985 and August by Ma Gdov and Sweezy initiated, Cornel West, under the organization, the "Religious and leftist" For example, "Monthly Review" in July 1985 and August by Ma Gdov and Sweezy initiated, Cornel West, under the organization, the "Religious and leftist" . in the special edition of "Marxism and Lectures,Sweezy began discussing the idea in Marx's dialectics and materialism and idealism of the distinction in epistemology and ontology (entering) the field of the environment is also in the special edition of "Marxism and Lectures,Sweezy began discussing the idea in Marx's dialectics and materialism and idealism of the distinction in epistemology and ontology (entering) the field of the environment is also .
Sweezy has been of interest to all fields in the Sweezy has been of interest to all fields in the . bestseller, "The Socialist" (1968), Hu Behrman and Sweezy highlighted the need to protect natural resources bestseller, "The Socialist" (1968), Hu Behrman and Sweezy highlighted the need to protect natural resources .
"Monopoly Capital" in the said production should serve the purpose of use and not for profit,by means of a large amount of sales generated unnecessary spending should be reduced "Monopoly Capital" in the said production should serve the purpose of use and not for profit,by means of a large amount of sales generated unnecessary spending should be reduced . Baran and Sweezy in 1964, published in the scientific community and the "winter of important articles" On Advertising" also described the way Baran and Sweezy in 1964, published in the scientific community and the "winter of important articles" On Advertising" also described the way .
in April 1972, the "Monthly Review" of "cars and the city" in the text, Sweezy and criticized the automobile and American society caused by urban sprawl and automobile wheels on my in April 1972, the "Monthly Review" of "cars and the city" in the text, Sweezy and criticized the automobile and American society caused by urban sprawl and automobile wheels on my . in November the same year, the "Quarterly Journal of Economics", he also pointed out that the" National Automobile brings the benefits of the so - called 'urban degradation and disintegration, the land may cause irreversible damage and air pollution. "
1989, global warming and environmental problems on a global scale growing big under the background of Sweezy wrote two groundbreaking articles: "capitalism and the environment" (Ma) and Gdov and co - author of "Eco - socialism and" 1989, global warming and environmental problems on a global scale growing big under the background of Sweezy wrote two groundbreaking articles: "capitalism and the environment" (Ma) and Gdov and co - author of "Eco - socialism and" . in Barry () writings, Sweezy followed his usual analysis logic, ecological economists are more radical than the views of the in Barry () writings, Sweezy followed his usual analysis logic, ecological economists are more radical than the views of the .
he believes environmental problems must be solved by relying on the reverse, and not just lay back and enjoy the accumulation trend of deceleration " he believes environmental problems must be solved by relying on the reverse, and not just lay back and enjoy the accumulation trend of deceleration ". - but that's the capitalist accumulation process itself are not allowed by the - but that's the capitalist accumulation process itself are not allowed by the .
Moral Courage
America's social environment, especially after the Second World War in the 1950s McCarthy era, for one, criticizes capitalism of the scholars who are interested in is difficult but America's social environment, especially after the Second World War in the 1950s McCarthy era, for one, criticizes capitalism of the scholars who are interested in is difficult but . Sweezy continued to advocate and display its faith in the theory of moral courage and steadfastness of scholars Sweezy continued to advocate and display its faith in the theory of moral courage and steadfastness of scholars .
whatever happens at the Supreme Court case of "Sweezy v. New Hampshire government" case, later also has been used fabricating academic freedom and tenure system of judicial basis: in 1951, in New Hampshire by an act of Congress, to the monitoring of the subversive activities of the where the provisions of the subversive elements will not be employed by the State,A licensee should not include becoming a public educational institution of the where the provisions of the subversive elements will not be employed by the State,A licensee should not include becoming a public educational institution of the .
teacher in 1953, the state legislature decided to investigate subversive activities teacher in 1953, the state legislature decided to investigate subversive activities . 1954, Sweezy was twice summoned to the Prosecutors, for questioning on 1954, Sweezy was twice summoned to the Prosecutors, for questioning on .
he avoided the question, intended to deal with his wife, a friend of the latter's relationship and the other, he tells the class, socialism, Marxism, the contents of the he avoided the question, intended to deal with his wife, a friend of the latter's relationship and the other, he tells the class, socialism, Marxism, the contents of the . he cited as the reason for these problems and spirit regardless, and in violation of the constitutional amendment of citizens' rights protected in article 1 of the he cited as the reason for these problems and spirit regardless, and in violation of the constitutional amendment of citizens' rights protected in article 1 of the .
Sweezy Prosecutors asked a court to answer these questions Sweezy Prosecutors asked a court to answer these questions . in court, Sweezy's refusal to answer was convicted of contempt of court, the imprisonment of in court, Sweezy's refusal to answer was convicted of contempt of court, the imprisonment of .
thereafter,State Supreme Court in support at the request of the Prosecutor, Sweezy must answer these questions has been the case at last thereafter,State Supreme Court in support at the request of the Prosecutor, Sweezy must answer these questions has been the case at last . .
appealed to the Supreme Court in 1957, the Supreme Court to overturn the state Supreme Court decision, which supported the Sweezy appealed to the Supreme Court in 1957, the Supreme Court to overturn the state Supreme Court decision, which supported the Sweezy . dictum of the International Court of Justice Warren not only affirmed the necessity of academic freedom, but also the content of which is defined (i.e. the four freedoms):"freedom in American university is almost self - evident importance of
no one should underestimate our youth coaching and training of people and the key role that no one should underestimate our youth coaching and training of people and the key role that . any tights to impose our ideas of university tutor who can threaten the future of our country is any tights to impose our ideas of university tutor who can threaten the future of our country is .
if any of the field of education does not do so understand, it is not possible to have any new found particularly in the fields of social sciences if any of the field of education does not do so understand, it is not possible to have any new found particularly in the fields of social sciences . .
In the atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust, the academic prosperity cannot In the atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust, the academic prosperity cannot . teachers and students must be forever free inquiry, free to study, free appraisal, free access to their new maturity and understanding,otherwise our civilization will stagnate even teachers and students must be forever free inquiry, free to study, free appraisal, free access to their new maturity and understanding,otherwise our civilization will stagnate even .
subjugating "another judge in Frankfurt in additional opinion stated:" the government has any knowledge of the interference activities" are likely to jeopardize the basic function of teachers subjugating "another judge in Frankfurt in additional opinion stated:" the government has any knowledge of the interference activities" are likely to jeopardize the basic function of teachers .
Resources
1, http: / / www.. org / show. php? id = 28212, http: / / www.. org / chinese / p23. htm3, http: / / www. douban. com / group / topic / 3264391 / 4, http: / / www. gov. cn /. asp? = 5835,http: / / www.. org / bbs / b4i61710. html
