名稱：吐根提取物 2%、4%、8%
科屬：茜草科，頭九節屬
毒性：5級
地域：歐洲，美洲
性質：汁液和漿果有毒，注射比口服更有有效，毒性可積累
症狀：噁心，嘔吐，精神疲勞。呼吸困難，心動過速，血壓降低，虛脫，心力衰竭，死亡
發作時間：立刻，死亡在24小時-1周，但復原要1年
解毒：洗胃後用嗎啡，休息
注意：糖漿催吐劑就是用吐根做的
建議：土方子還在使用，請謹慎
產地：主產巴西，我國廣東、雲南、台灣等有引種栽培
植物形態
多年生常綠矮小灌木，高30～35cm。根呈扭曲圓柱形，暗棕色。莖青綠，枝質軟，具縱棱近方形，節間短。葉對生，橢圓形至卵圓形，先端尖，基部狹楔形，邊緣有波狀皺摺。花白色，2～3朵簇生於頂部或葉腋，雌蕊比雄蕊長。核果近球形，熟時棗紅色。花果期3～4月至9～10月。
生長習性
喜高溫、高濕和蔭蔽的環境，要有50%的蔭蔽度。海南引種子年平均氣溫24～25℃，最低月平均氣溫19℃，最高月平均氣溫30℃，氣溫年變幅在10～36℃之間，年降水量2000mm左右的地區生長尚好。在肥沃鬆軟的土壤才能生長良好，根系發育正常。
吐根功效的發現
葡萄牙的早期移民發現吐根被巴西和秘魯的土著用來作為催吐藥。在巴西呆過幾年的阿姆斯特丹醫生比索（W.Piso）在他所著的《巴西自然史》(1684年出版)中對吐根有所描述。他說吐根是醫治痢疾的特效藥，在西班牙和葡萄牙也曾被作為催吐藥使用，但由於毒性太大而不受歡迎。有一位進口吐根的巴黎商人送給他的醫生艾福蒂(Afforty)一些吐根樣品，以此來對他所給予的治療表示感謝。艾福蒂對此沒有多注意，但卻引起了他的助手海爾維蒂烏斯(J.A.Helvetius)的興趣。海爾維蒂烏斯得吐根，證明其是治療痢疾的特效藥。他被召見去治療法國皇太子和幾個大臣的痢疾，結果證明很有效，作為酬勞海爾維蒂烏斯得到一千金路易。從此，市場對吐根的需求量持續不斷上升。1817年法國高等藥科學校的普拉蒂爾(J.Pelletier)和生理學家曼吉尼蒂(F.Magendie)合作，從吐根中分離出催吐成分，發現這是一種生物鹼，命名為吐根鹼
ipecacuanha Liquid Extract
hydrochloric acid
Glycerol
Syrup
70 ml
2.5 ml
100 ml
Sufficient to produce 1000 ml
The mixture complies with the requirements stated under Oral Liquids and with the following
requirements.
Content of total alkaloids
0.12 to 0.16% w/v, calculated as emetine, C29H40N2O4.
IDENTIFICATION
Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography, Appendix III A, using silica gel G as the
coating substance and a mixture of 90 volumes of chloroform and 10 volumes of diethylamine
as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 µl of each of the following solutions. For
solution (1) mix 5 ml with 10 ml of 1M sulphuric acid , shake with two 10 ml quantities of
chloroform and discard the chloroform. Add sufficient 5M ammonia to make the aqueous
solution distinctly alkaline to litmus paper , extract with four 10 ml quantities of chloroform,
evaporate the combined extracts to dryness, cool the residue and dissolve it in 0.5 ml of
ethanol (96%). Solution (2) contains 0.1% w/v of cephaeline hydrochloride EPCRS in ethanol
(96%). Solution (3) contains 0.1% w/v of emetine hydrochloride EPCRS in ethanol (96%).
After removal of the plate, dry it at 105° to 110° for 30 minutes, allow to cool and spray with
dilute potassium iodobismuthate solution. The principal spots in the chromatogram obtained
with solution (1) correspond in colour and position to the spots in the chromatograms obtained
with solutions (2) and (3). Disregard any secondary spots.
ASSAY
To 25 ml in a separating Funnel add 20 ml of water and 5 ml of 1M sulphuric acid , shake with
three 10 ml quantities of chloroform and wash each chloroform extract with a mixture of 20 ml
of 0.05M sulphuric acid and 4 ml of ethanol (96%) contained in a second separating funnel.
Transfer the acid–ethanol mixture from the second separating funnel to the first, make the
combined liquids distinctly alkaline to litmus paper with 5M ammonia and extract with
successive quantities of chloroform until complete extraction of the alkaloids is effected,
Appendix XI G. Wash each chloroform extract with the same 10 ml of water , combine the
chloroform extracts, evaporate the chloroform, add 2 ml of ethanol (96%) to the residue,
evaporate to dryness and dry the residue at 80° in a current of air for 5 minutes. Dissolve the
residue in 2 ml of ethanol (96%) previously neutralised to methyl red solution, add 10 ml of
0.01M sulphuric acid VS and titrate the excess of acid with 0.02M sodium hydroxide VS using
©Crown Copyright 2006
1
methyl red solution as indicator. Each ml of 0.01M sulphuric acid VS is equivalent to 4.806 mg
of C29H40N2O4.
LABELLING
The label indicates the pharmaceutical form as 'oral solution
