等差數列倍增規律

等差數列倍增規律

等差數列增加一倍則等差數列中的數列項個數及非數列項個數亦增加一倍,這就是等差數列倍增規律。

基本規律

似乎無人研究過等差數列還有倍增規律,在等差數列性質中也缺少這個簡單性質。

3、13、23、33、43、53、63、73、83
上面這個等差數列是一個標準的等差數列,自3開始到43共包含5個數列項3、13、23、33、43;36個非數列項4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、14、15......等。延長一倍後到第9項83,自43到83共包含5個數列項和36個非數列項。數列項個數和非數列項個數與前半部分是一樣的。就是說等差數列延長一倍則等差數列中的數列項個數及非數列項個數亦增加一倍,這就是等差數列倍增規律。

等差數列倍增規律包含兩個規律:

第一規律:

自3開始到43共包含5個數列項36個非數列項。延長一倍後到第9項83,自43到83共包含5個數列項和36個非數列項。數列項個數和非數列項個數與前半部分是一樣的。這是等差數列倍增規律的第一個重要結論。

第二規律:

自3 和自43開始的各數列項位置是重複的,非數列項位置也是重複的,與前半部分是一模一樣的。這是等差數列倍增規律的第二個結論。

將很多等差數列疊加在一起,也同樣具有這一性質。

有若干整數等差數列,在這些等差數列重疊部分截取較長一段長度N,在這些等差數列中有不同項M1個。當這些等差數列全部向同方向增加長度N後,在N-2N內有不同項M2個。根據容斥原理,M1=M2。只是因為N在等差數列中與項的位置不同,會有一些小的誤差,故這裡應該是M1≈M2。也就是說,多個等差數列疊加在一起後,延長一倍,則其中不同項的個數也會大致增加一倍。增加的倍數會在1附近稍有變化。類似於量子力學的機率說法。

比如:

2的倍數數列24681012141618
3的倍數數列369121518
疊加234689101214151618
倍增關係2到8疊加後共5個項2、3、4、6、8、及2個非數列項5、712到18疊加後也有5個項12、14、15、16、18及2個非數列項13、17

等差數列倍增規律的套用套用

所有的合數都可以寫成公式XY格式,這裡的X>1.y>1,同時XY也構成了所有合數。XY的結果可以組成了很多行的等差數列,這些等差數列上的項構成了全體合數,而不在項上的整數數字就是素數。或者說非數列項就是素數。因此,等差數列倍增規律第一規律將在素數個數問題上可以發揮重要作用,第二規律將在素數分布問題上發揮重要作用。

孿生素數猜想、三胞胎素數猜想、四胞胎素數猜想、六素數猜想等許多涉及素數個數的數論猜想均可以通過等差數列倍增規律來證明。如通過等差數列形成的孿生素數篩法可以篩選孿生素數,再利用等差數列倍增規律就可以證明孿生素數猜想,而且是孿生素數猜想初等證明。

參看下面兩個表格

自然數(表中數字去掉個位9後,實際上是逐行翻倍)素數的個位為1素數的個位為3如11-13類型孿生素數四胞胎素數
素數個數倍增比值素數個數倍增比值孿生素數個數倍增比值四胞胎素數個數倍增比值
2911.000031.500011.000011.0000
4933.000041.333322.000011.0000
8951.666771.750031.500011.0000
16981.6000101.428641.333322.0000
329162.0000181.800071.750031.5000
649281.7500301.6667111.571431.0000
1289501.7857541.8000171.545541.3333
2569921.8400971.7963271.588271.7500
51291681.82611751.8041461.703791.2857
102493131.86313171.8114681.4783111.2222
204895761.84035831.83911191.7500181.6364
4096910591.838510861.86282051.7227231.2778
8192919861.875420021.84353461.6878331.4348
16384937481.887237551.87566041.7457451.3636
32768970351.877070711.883110821.7914721.6000
655369132821.8880133381.886319381.79111241.7222
1310729251721.8952252091.890034421.77612141.7258
2621449478211.8998478511.898262201.80713631.6963
5242889909571.9020911101.9040112651.81115601.5427
104857691736331.90901737561.9071206521.83339301.6607
209715293319691.91193322011.9119375501.818215291.6441
419430496359721.91586361081.9148684051.821724871.6266
8388608912205771.919212207651.91911258681.840041891.6844
16777216923461421.922223465301.92222323021.845670541.6839
33554432945168001.925245174281.92524298781.8505120061.7020
67108864987077731.927987078221.92767978561.8560205571.7122
1342177289168091601.9304168103461.930514868821.8636358481.7438
2684354569324866971.9327324878521.932627764611.8673623871.7403
5368709129628589651.9349628595101.934951957861.87141091131.7490
107374182491217560741.93701217574901.937097473281.87601913561.7537

每億之間四胞胎素數統計結果(四胞胎素數省略了個位,如首個四胞胎素數1填上個位後就是11-13-17-19)

範圍首位四胞胎素數末位四胞胎素數個數相鄰區間個數比值
0-1億199982244767
1-2億100005461999322833290.698342773
2-3億200036532999570828760.8639231
3-4億300028453999977227400.9527121
4-5億400057124999982226180.955474453
5-6億500227335999355725080.957983193
6-7億600035746999891124360.971291866
7-8億700014647999376823850.979064039
8-9億800008638999943724221.015513627
9-10億900025669999861723060.952105698
10-11億10000252610999601522080.957502168
11-12億11002581411999786222171.004076087
12-13億12000184312998189521370.963915201
13-14億13000043513999922821110.987833411
14-15億14000359914998554721020.995736618
15-16億15000488815999415020360.968601332
16-17億16000185716999341420250.99459725
17-18億17000384217999698619990.987160494
18-19億18000112018999960120431.022011006
19-20億19000088219998292619960.976994616
20-21億20001277920999695618900.946893788
21-22億21001854421999699718610.984656085
22-23億22000080722999320719691.058033315
23-24億23000302623999612519440.9873032
24-25億24000097624999010919000.977366255
25-26億25000627025999949819331.017368421
26-27億26000038926999712719060.986032074
27-28億27000075727999592919281.011542497
28-29億28000505528999726318750.972510373
29-30億29000269329999644318730.998933333
30-31億30000417430999910017860.953550454
31-32億31000143431998645117570.983762598
32-33億32000530632999170017651.004553216
33-34億33000565633999700317410.986402266
34-35億34000156034999788717731.018380241
35-36億35000418435999612217220.971235195
36-37億36000220036999215517661.025551684
37-38億37000125737999878117691.001698754
38-39億38000530938999866617290.977388355
39-40億39000843139998875317631.019664546
40-41億40000208840999426617280.980147476
41-42億41000342241999802418081.046296296
42-43億42000138442999462416800.92920354
43-44億43000151243998837716360.973809524
44-45億44000805444998973216961.036674817
45-46億45000010645999909717121.009433962
46-47億46001216246999884716730.977219626
47-48億47000710047999837517101.022115959
48-49億48001959448998975517241.008187135
49-50億49000268249999725116710.969257541
50-51億50000202150999562416931.013165769
51-52億51000505351999910316650.983461311
52-53億52000078052999360017201.033033033
53-54億53001272253998650116140.938372093
54-55億54000042754999739316751.0377943
55-56億55000173755999939616841.005373134
56-57億56000400756999460116480.978622328
57-58億57000955057999488216491.000606796
58-59億58000218158999011715830.959975743
59-60億59000041959999209315931.006317119
60-61億60000095560999647215590.978656623
61-62億61001831261999781516001.02629891
62-63億62000341062998740116001
63-64億63001232563999714416401.025
64-65億64000762364999639015480.943902439
65-66億65000891565998751515661.011627907
66-67億66000062266999981115761.006385696
67-68億67001766467998466315710.996827411
68-69億68000088468999770314990.954169319
69-70億69000372169999357715731.049366244
70-71億70000104470998740515881.009535919
71-72億71001174471997101215780.993702771
72-73億72000942472999839815160.960709759
73-74億73000051073999802215461.019788918
74-75億74000108574999823115320.990944373
75-76億75000250675999379914650.956266319
76-77億76000081376999736215511.058703072
77-78億77000661177999283715170.978078659
78-79億78000022678999735115000.988793672
79-80億79000119479999102915081.005333333
80-81億80000720280999738514940.99071618
81-82億81000160381999940015011.004685408
82-83億82000279382999788715321.020652898
83-84億83000666583999801515771.029373368
84-85億84000403084999342715400.97653773
85-86億85000273085999716416181.050649351
86-87億86002736586999475115220.940667491
87-88億87000020287999810114520.954007884
88-89億88000640888999701114931.028236915
89-90億89000929389999438515281.023442733
90-91億90000150490998886415050.984947644
91-92億91000224191999494114720.97807309
92-93億92001262692999908014961.016304348
93-94億93000211693999450114850.992647059
94-95億94000566494997731315331.032323232
95-96億95001674295999193114390.938682322
96-97億96001261696999966114731.023627519
97-98億97000192997998507714380.976238968
98-99億98001160998999374914661.019471488
99-100億99000345199998572914580.994542974
100-101億1000005742100999488415121.037037037
101-102億1010020147101999988414650.968915344
102-103億1020027520102999102114691.002730375
103-104億1030006843103999751214160.963921035
104-105億1040024119104999709114641.033898305
105-106億1050008335105997711014841.013661202
106-107億1060013125106999209414690.989892183
107-108億1070001178107999875014250.970047651
108-109億1080001933108998279213910.976140351
109-110億1090010332109999172814261.025161754
110-111億1100006773110999767314761.035063114
111-112億1110008737111998762214660.993224932
112-113億1120003813112999244514530.991132333
113-114億1130002879113999976114701.011699931
114-115億1140001843114999651714670.997959184
115-116億1150003366115999126014470.986366735
116-117億1160009569116999004114701.015894955
117-118億1170002053117999545814260.970068027
118-119億1180003081118999724514190.995091164
119-120億1190010013119999894514821.044397463
120-121億1200007336120999373014740.994601889
121-122億1210002403121999747914160.960651289
122-123億1220001868122999165213870.979519774
123-124億1230000628123999901313520.974765681
124-125億1240003621124999458114721.088757396
125-126億1250000314125999512614050.954483696
126-127億1260002320126999712314371.022775801
127-128億1270012906127999118214100.981210856
128-129億1280008903128999723813650.968085106
129-130億1290002785129999225113971.023443223
130-131億1300003570130999300014401.030780243
131-132億1310008990131999422914140.981944444
132-133億1320027409132999984414581.031117397
133-134億1330003771133999703214761.012345679
134-135億1340008279134998890414230.964092141
135-136億1350016648135998238714551.022487702

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