Historical Evolution
Ancient History
Syria is a long history and ancient civilization of the country, in the Pale early, Syria had the original human Syria is a long history and ancient civilization of the country, in the Pale early, Syria had the original human . 4th millennium BC, the inhabitants began to settle, and using the 4th millennium BC, the inhabitants began to settle, and using the .
and bronze in the third millennium BC, Syria's transition from primitive society to slavery society, the emergence of the commercial city center is the city - states of Slavery and bronze in the third millennium BC, Syria's transition from primitive society to slavery society, the emergence of the commercial city center is the city - states of Slavery .
The Semitic Civilization In The Era
3000 BC to 1000 BC, the Semitic nomads of the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and the surrounding area was surveyed for 3 times. migration at the turn of the third millennium BC the last hundreds of years, Sam work for people in the Amorim Lei who enter Syria, and to establish many small kingdoms, forming Syria's first Sam humanized migration at the turn of the third millennium BC the last hundreds of years, Sam work for people in the Amorim Lei who enter Syria, and to establish many small kingdoms, forming Syria's first Sam humanized .
before the 2nd millennium BC, the second Large - scale movements of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian people Canaanites before the 2nd millennium BC, the second Large - scale movements of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian people Canaanites . Sam in the eastern Mediterranean coast and inland they built some of the fragmented nature of the city, created the Canaanite culture of the 2nd millennium BC.
endSyria into the Iron Age endSyria into the Iron Age . lived near the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the middle area of a land of the Canaanites, Phoenicians, a seafaring trade to their development, promote the Mediterranean countries of the economic and cultural exchanges;Meanwhile China has 22 consonant letters of the Phoenician alphabet, world culture has made great contribution to lived near the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the middle area of a land of the Canaanites, Phoenicians, a seafaring trade to their development, promote the Mediterranean countries of the economic and cultural exchanges;Meanwhile China has 22 consonant letters of the Phoenician alphabet, world culture has made great contribution to .
of the 2nd millennium BC to the mid - first millennium ago, Syria's third move Sam of man - made Alameda of the 2nd millennium BC to the mid - first millennium ago, Syria's third move Sam of man - made Alameda . people of Hama and Damascus building their cities and use the Aramaic text, Syria is the precious inheritance of people of Hama and Damascus building their cities and use the Aramaic text, Syria is the precious inheritance of .
of the 2nd millennium BC to the 6th century, and entered the battle by national also likes Kelso, Hourihan, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians and Persians of the 2nd millennium BC to the 6th century, and entered the battle by national also likes Kelso, Hourihan, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians and Persians .
Hellenistic Age
In 333 BC Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Empire's military occupation of the Syrian In 333 BC Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Empire's military occupation of the Syrian . to the Seleucid Empire (312 BC era before ~ 64), the Greek culture and human culture permeate each other, forming a sort of Hellenistic culture of Syria, Arab culture is formed so as to provide an important source of to the Seleucid Empire (312 BC era before ~ 64), the Greek culture and human culture permeate each other, forming a sort of Hellenistic culture of Syria, Arab culture is formed so as to provide an important source of .
64 years BC, Rome annexed Syria 64 years BC, Rome annexed Syria . ruled by Rome in Syria began to appear in Palmyra who established the Arab National ruled by Rome in Syria began to appear in Palmyra who established the Arab National .
A.D. to 3rd century AD, Palmyra in the East - West trade played an active mediating role 272 years, Palmyra was the Eastern Roman Empire, which was destroyed by 272 years, Palmyra was the Eastern Roman Empire, which was destroyed by .
Arab Period
In 636, the Caliph Umar I, the Arabs conquered Syria In 636, the Caliph Umar I, the Arabs conquered Syria . on Syria's sovereignty - and to establish, as Syria's history marked a major turning point in Syria started from on Syria's sovereignty - and to establish, as Syria's history marked a major turning point in Syria started from .
Arabization and Islamization Arabization and Islamization . 661 Syrian Governor sub seized power, referred to as an all - time, and the capital of Damascus, the establishment of the Arab Empire the Umayyads (661 - 750) 661 Syrian Governor sub seized power, referred to as an all - time, and the capital of Damascus, the establishment of the Arab Empire the Umayyads (661 - 750) .
its Syria during the reign of feudal relations further development, a variety of cultural sources and gather with its Syria during the reign of feudal relations further development, a variety of cultural sources and gather with . Abbasid dynasty (750 - 1258), although the center of the empire had been transferred to Baghdad,But in Syria, have created many splendid Arab - Islamic culture, remain important to Abbasid dynasty (750 - 1258), although the center of the empire had been transferred to Baghdad,But in Syria, have created many splendid Arab - Islamic culture, remain important to .
9 ~ (th) century, Abbasid decline toward 9 ~ (th) century, Abbasid decline toward . thereafter, Toulon dynasty, Yi Hershold dynasty, Hamdan dynasty, the Seljuk Empire, Crusader, Zengid dynasty, Ayyubid dynasty (1171 - 1260), the dynasty (1250 - 1517) and the Ilkhanate dynasty has ruled or invaded Syria thereafter, Toulon dynasty, Yi Hershold dynasty, Hamdan dynasty, the Seljuk Empire, Crusader, Zengid dynasty, Ayyubid dynasty (1171 - 1260), the dynasty (1250 - 1517) and the Ilkhanate dynasty has ruled or invaded Syria .
dating from the 11th to the 13th century, the people of Syria has actively participated in the Saladin curb crusader aggression and Burress to repulse the Mongols offensive of the war, the Arab people against foreign long - term devastation,in defence of the Arab - Islamic culture as well as its contribution to the dating from the 11th to the 13th century, the people of Syria has actively participated in the Saladin curb crusader aggression and Burress to repulse the Mongols offensive of the war, the Arab people against foreign long - term devastation,in defence of the Arab - Islamic culture as well as its contribution to the .
Ottoman Period
Arab nationalism in 1516, Syria was incorporated into the once across Europe, Asia, and Africa and Ottoman Empire territory, until the end of the First World War in 1918 the Ottoman government Arab nationalism in 1516, Syria was incorporated into the once across Europe, Asia, and Africa and Ottoman Empire territory, until the end of the First World War in 1918 the Ottoman government . Syrian people the political oppression on the imperious, ruthless plundering on economic, cultural obscurantism and Syrian people the political oppression on the imperious, ruthless plundering on economic, cultural obscurantism and .
18 th century, as the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the volume of foreign capital invasion of Syria 18 th century, as the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the volume of foreign capital invasion of Syria . the end of the eighteenth century, the French capital in Syrian cities dominate the end of the eighteenth century, the French capital in Syrian cities dominate .
the invasion of foreign capital, prompting the Syrian in the 19th century witnessed the capitalism of the the invasion of foreign capital, prompting the Syrian in the 19th century witnessed the capitalism of the . 1831 - 1840,technically vassal of the Ottoman Empire's Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali of the Syrian occupation of the country for 10 years 1831 - 1840,technically vassal of the Ottoman Empire's Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali of the Syrian occupation of the country for 10 years .
in the second half of the 19th century, Syria's national bourgeoisie under the leadership of Arab intellectuals of the renaissance movement in Syria and Lebanon are booming in the second half of the 19th century, Syria's national bourgeoisie under the leadership of Arab intellectuals of the renaissance movement in Syria and Lebanon are booming . Representatives Charles Boustany, Abdul Rahman, Fahad base ratios such as Representatives Charles Boustany, Abdul Rahman, Fahad base ratios such as .
cultural revival movement has inspired the Arab population in the national consciousness of the Arab National Liberation Movement paved the way for cultural revival movement has inspired the Arab population in the national consciousness of the Arab National Liberation Movement paved the way for . some secret nationalist organization established step by step, such as" Young Arab, "and" The Covenant Society " some secret nationalist organization established step by step, such as" Young Arab, "and" The Covenant Society ".
Damascus became the center of the Arab Nationalist Movement Damascus became the center of the Arab Nationalist Movement . during the First World War, the Syrian people to suffer more disaster to the during the First World War, the Syrian people to suffer more disaster to the .
Ottoman military authorities forced the Syrian people to serve as cannon fodder, and the cruelty of the patriots Ottoman military authorities forced the Syrian people to serve as cannon fodder, and the cruelty of the patriots . June 1916, the Sherif Hussein of Mecca uprising gathered for an anti - soil, the third son of Faisal, Hussein's troops in the Arabian Peninsula by northward, with the British, large numbers of Syrians June 1916, the Sherif Hussein of Mecca uprising gathered for an anti - soil, the third son of Faisal, Hussein's troops in the Arabian Peninsula by northward, with the British, large numbers of Syrians .
participated in combat in October 1918, Faisal - took control of Syria, the Arab government in Damascus, Syria in the Ottoman Empire ended up to 300 years of military rule of the feudal participated in combat in October 1918, Faisal - took control of Syria, the Arab government in Damascus, Syria in the Ottoman Empire ended up to 300 years of military rule of the feudal . thereafter,Lebanon and the Syrian coast controlled by the French, from Aqaba to Aleppo of the Syrian army took control of the mainland by Faisal thereafter,Lebanon and the Syrian coast controlled by the French, from Aqaba to Aleppo of the Syrian army took control of the mainland by Faisal .
France Reign
Battle of Maysalun in July 1919, the National Assembly convened for the first time in Syria in Damascus Battle of Maysalun in July 1919, the National Assembly convened for the first time in Syria in Damascus . admitted at the request of the General Assembly, including Palestine and Syria as an independent sovereign country, and reject the Sykes - Picot Agreement and Balfour Declaration, reject the proposed rule for the appointment of the Paris Peace Conference in ignoring admitted at the request of the General Assembly, including Palestine and Syria as an independent sovereign country, and reject the Sykes - Picot Agreement and Balfour Declaration, reject the proposed rule for the appointment of the Paris Peace Conference in ignoring .
. in march in 1920, the Syrian National Assembly declared Syria independent, standing for King Faisal in march in 1920, the Syrian National Assembly declared Syria independent, standing for King Faisal .
4 months, the Allied Supreme Council the convening of the Conference of San Remo, decided by the Syrian and Lebanese Mandate 4 months, the Allied Supreme Council the convening of the Conference of San Remo, decided by the Syrian and Lebanese Mandate . France on 14 July, the French commander H. - J. - E. Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal,set a deadline for unconditional acceptance of the French Mandate Next
, the French advance to Damascus in the Syrian army and , the French advance to Damascus in the Syrian army and . Mai Theron with the French army fighting on French Mai Theron with the French army fighting on French .
25 into Damascus and deposed Faisal, Syria and Lebanon falling into French hands 25 into Damascus and deposed Faisal, Syria and Lebanon falling into French hands . To break up anti - French forces, the French colonial authorities in Syria, Lebanon's divided into several independent regions To break up anti - French forces, the French colonial authorities in Syria, Lebanon's divided into several independent regions .
of the fragmented nature of the French High Commissioner, to dominate, the local regimes are all decided by the High Commissioner on behalf of the pro - french colonial authority in the hands of of the fragmented nature of the French High Commissioner, to dominate, the local regimes are all decided by the High Commissioner on behalf of the pro - french colonial authority in the hands of . provoking religious, ethnic strife, banned political parties, as the heavy - handed patriots, while forcing the Syrians to learn French,Some areas prohibit learning Arabic provoking religious, ethnic strife, banned political parties, as the heavy - handed patriots, while forcing the Syrians to learn French,Some areas prohibit learning Arabic .
French control of the lifeline of Syria's capital, squeezing a lot of profit, resulting in production decline, French control of the lifeline of Syria's capital, squeezing a lot of profit, resulting in production decline, . the destitution of the Syrian people and French colonists began a heroic struggle, the uprising continued the destitution of the Syrian people and French colonists began a heroic struggle, the uprising continued .
especially between 1925 and 1927 ATRASH Abdul - Rahman Mohammad Shah Ban "led a national uprising, dealing a blow to the French rulers in Syria uprising (see especially between 1925 and 1927 ATRASH Abdul - Rahman Mohammad Shah Ban "led a national uprising, dealing a blow to the French rulers in Syria uprising (see .) in order to alleviate the Syrian people's anti - French struggle, the French rulers in Syria admitted playing independently, the application of the Constitution, the establishment of the autonomous government and other deceptive tactics, first witnessed the signing of the Franco - Syrian Treaty) in order to alleviate the Syrian people's anti - French struggle, the French rulers in Syria admitted playing independently, the application of the Constitution, the establishment of the autonomous government and other deceptive tactics, first witnessed the signing of the Franco - Syrian Treaty.
1939 before the outbreak of the Second World War the French used tensions, 45 of the Constitution, has resumed the practice of the Syrian military rule 1939 before the outbreak of the Second World War the French used tensions, 45 of the Constitution, has resumed the practice of the Syrian military rule . in 1940, the Vichy French government surrendered, Syria and Lebanon under German control in 1940, the Vichy French government surrendered, Syria and Lebanon under German control .
1941 to June ~ July, British forces and de Gaulle's Free French army into Syria and Lebanon, to drive out German fascists 1941 to June ~ July, British forces and de Gaulle's Free French army into Syria and Lebanon, to drive out German fascists . 9 months, the French Commander G. Carter Lu declared Syria independent
1943, Syria restore the constitution, parliamentary elections, set up his own 1943, Syria restore the constitution, parliamentary elections, set up his own . government on 17 April 1946, the British,Method of the withdrawal of Syrian troops forced all government on 17 April 1946, the British,Method of the withdrawal of Syrian troops forced all .
Syria this day as Independence Day and National Day Syria this day as Independence Day and National Day .
Statehood
Syria's civil war in Syria after independence, given the complicated domestic situation and the threat of imperialist aggression, the landlords and the bourgeoisie of the ruling political union with other nations' wimpy 'Syria's civil war in Syria after independence, given the complicated domestic situation and the threat of imperialist aggression, the landlords and the bourgeoisie of the ruling political union with other nations' wimpy '. For the first time in the Middle East after the war, internal political instability more For the first time in the Middle East after the war, internal political instability more .
only from 1949 to 1951, Syria had obtained the U.S. and British support of 4 military coups, February 1954, seized power in a coup by the army and the overthrow of alms to Krishna Next, nationwide parliamentary elections, the democratic forces in elections in the ascendancy, the Baath Party achieved a great victory, and took part in the library to Atli is president of the coalition government in February 1958 Next, nationwide parliamentary elections, the democratic forces in elections in the ascendancy, the Baath Party achieved a great victory, and took part in the library to Atli is president of the coalition government in February 1958 .
,Syria and Egypt merged to form the United Arab Republic ,Syria and Egypt merged to form the United Arab Republic . 28 September 1961, Syria seceded to form the United Arab Republic, the establishment of the Syrian Arab Republic 28 September 1961, Syria seceded to form the United Arab Republic, the establishment of the Syrian Arab Republic .
8 March 1963, Baathist coup successful, people's action 8 March 1963, Baathist coup successful, people's action . of the June 1967 and the third middle east war, Israel occupied Golan Heights of Syria of the June 1967 and the third middle east war, Israel occupied Golan Heights of Syria .
13 November 1970, Hafez Assad launched a "corrective movement", the restructuring of the district leadership of the Baath Party and the government, the prime minister the following year 13 November 1970, Hafez Assad launched a "corrective movement", the restructuring of the district leadership of the Baath Party and the government, the prime minister the following year ., , .
shall be the President Bashar al - Assad, and the increase of national economy,especially as Syria's economic backbone of the agricultural development: shall be the President Bashar al - Assad, and the increase of national economy,especially as Syria's economic backbone of the agricultural development: . in the late 20th century, Syria's defense spending due to the enlargement, agricultural failure and other reasons, the economic slow - down in the in the late 20th century, Syria's defense spending due to the enlargement, agricultural failure and other reasons, the economic slow - down in the .
2000 10 June - Assad dies 2000 10 June - Assad dies . Abu's second son, Bashar Al - Assad, in the same year as his successor on July 10 Abu's second son, Bashar Al - Assad, in the same year as his successor on July 10 .
Geographical Environment
Horizon Location
Syria Asian continent, west, north of the border with Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, living side by side in the southwest of and adjacent to the west across the Mediterranean, Cyprus has a total area of 185180 km2 (including the Golan Heights) Syria Asian continent, west, north of the border with Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, living side by side in the southwest of and adjacent to the west across the Mediterranean, Cyprus has a total area of 185180 km2 (including the Golan Heights) .
Landform
The Syrian territory is most of northwest to southeast tilt of The Syrian territory is most of northwest to southeast tilt of . plateau country can be divided into four zones: the mountainous region in the west and is located between two mountain ranges, intermontane valley, at an altitude of meters including 2841 National peak, located southwest of the northwestern al - Sheikh plateau country can be divided into four zones: the mountainous region in the west and is located between two mountain ranges, intermontane valley, at an altitude of meters including 2841 National peak, located southwest of the northwestern al - Sheikh .
Mediterranean coastal plains, has a long coastline of 183 kilometers, is one of the few relatively green place Mediterranean coastal plains, has a long coastline of 183 kilometers, is one of the few relatively green place . East Midlands and the south - east of the Syrian desert plateau East Midlands and the south - east of the Syrian desert plateau .
. hydrological Euphrates of eastern Syria is the most important river, which runs through the eastern border, then Iraq via hydrological Euphrates of eastern Syria is the most important river, which runs through the eastern border, then Iraq via .
in the Euphrates River valley before emptying into the Persian Gulf from 15 countries and is repu - tated as the "cradle of civilization" in the Euphrates River valley before emptying into the Persian Gulf from 15 countries and is repu - tated as the "cradle of civilization". western Neitzel with the Athi River through Turkey into a Mediterranean western Neitzel with the Athi River through Turkey into a Mediterranean .
Climate
The Syrian government in the south of the tropical desert climate, is a Mediterranean climate in northern Syria The Syrian government in the south of the tropical desert climate, is a Mediterranean climate in northern Syria . climate is dry, the country spent of areas with an annual rainfall of less than 25 cm, which is mainly due to the mountains of northern coastal barrier climate is dry, the country spent of areas with an annual rainfall of less than 25 cm, which is mainly due to the mountains of northern coastal barrier .
and belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate, south are subordinate tropics desert climate and belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate, south are subordinate tropics desert climate . Syrian coastal and northern belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate, south are subordinate tropics desert climate with four distinct seasons Syrian coastal and northern belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate, south are subordinate tropics desert climate with four distinct seasons .
, desert area in winter there is little rainfall, hot dry summer , desert area in winter there is little rainfall, hot dry summer . grassland and desert of the country's territory and more than half grassland and desert of the country's territory and more than half .
Natural Resources
Syria's rich in mineral resources, mainly oil, phosphates, natural gas, halite, asphalt, apatite, iron, copper, or Syria's rich in mineral resources, mainly oil, phosphates, natural gas, halite, asphalt, apatite, iron, copper, or . 25 barrels of proven oil reserves, petroleum and its products will be basically self - sufficient, and the outlet portion 25 barrels of proven oil reserves, petroleum and its products will be basically self - sufficient, and the outlet portion .
's gas reserves 650bn cubic metres of phosphate reserves of 5 billion tons, the reserves of halite 5500 tons 's gas reserves 650bn cubic metres of phosphate reserves of 5 billion tons, the reserves of halite 5500 tons .
Capital
Damascus, the Syrian capital, world famous ancient city, known as the "heavenly city", located in the southwest Syrian city on the right bank of the Barada Damascus, the Syrian capital, world famous ancient city, known as the "heavenly city", located in the southwest Syrian city on the right bank of the Barada . built in grams of the Xin Shan on the hillside, with an area of 100 square kilometers and there has been a history of 4500 years built in grams of the Xin Shan on the hillside, with an area of 100 square kilometers and there has been a history of 4500 years .
. population 2009 exceed 471 million population 2009 exceed 471 million .
important cities located in the south - west of the country's capital Damascus and northern Aleppo and Homs is Syria's capital city of the important cities located in the south - west of the country's capital Damascus and northern Aleppo and Homs is Syria's capital city of the . other major cities are located at the shore other major cities are located at the shore .
National Symbol
Serendip
Syrian Arab Republic The Syrian Arab Republic), Syria Syrian Arab Republic The Syrian Arab Republic), Syria .
Flies The Flag Of The People's Republic Of China
The Syrian flag was rectangular, length and width ratio of 3: 2 The Syrian flag was rectangular, length and width ratio of 3: 2 . flag is red, white, black, three parallel rectangular cross - connected, and is in the form of a white portion in two equal - sized green five - pointed star in the flag is red, white, black, three parallel rectangular cross - connected, and is in the form of a white portion in two equal - sized green five - pointed star in the .
red symbolizes bravery, white symbolizes purity and tolerance, black is the symbol of victory has been won by Muhammad, green descendants of Muhammad's favorite color, pentacles symbolize the Arab revolution. In addition, there is a meaning which the national flag: red, white, and black are the United Arab Republic flag tone, said Syria has joined the United Arab Republic,pentagram represents the number of the white portion in the moving image data of the country to join the United Arab Republic, Syria is the second, marked with two stars In addition, there is a meaning which the national flag: red, white, and black are the United Arab Republic flag tone, said Syria has joined the United Arab Republic,pentagram represents the number of the white portion in the moving image data of the country to join the United Arab Republic, Syria is the second, marked with two stars .
emblem of Syria's emblem is an eagle with spread wings and head to the Arab, a coat of arms, painted on a flag: red, white and black bars, the central two green pentagram base is the emblem of the emblem of Syria's emblem is an eagle with spread wings and head to the Arab, a coat of arms, painted on a flag: red, white and black bars, the central two green pentagram base is the emblem of the . symbol in Spike agriculture of rice symbol in Spike agriculture of rice .
lace top written in Arabic, that marches in majesty of the name: "Syrian" lace top written in Arabic, that marches in majesty of the name: "Syrian" .
National Anthem Of The People's Republic Of China
"Territory of defenders" (Arabic: 125 ل.د ), Syrian Arab Republic, adopted in 1936 lyricist Ḩarīr Ahmed Bey, the composer Mohamed lyricist Ḩarīr Ahmed Bey, the composer Mohamed .
Philip Fry.
Ethnic Population
As of 2012, and has a population of Syrian Arabs As of 2012, and has a population of Syrian Arabs . 2240 million which accounted for over 80 per cent, as well as Kurds, Armenians, Turks and Toru circassian etc. 
Political
Polity
Syria's president, parliament exercises legislative authority Syria's president, parliament exercises legislative authority . President is the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, under the leadership of government President is the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, under the leadership of government .
Constitution
1973 Mar. 12, of the Syrian Constitution through a national referendum for the people of Syria are constitutional democratic socialist countries, is part of the Arab homeland, the Baath Party was a social and national leadership in constitutional democratic socialist countries, is part of the Arab homeland, the Baath Party was a social and national leadership in .
shall practice a planned socialist economy shall practice a planned socialist economy . of the Syrian Constitution of the Islamic Shariah is a principal in accordance with the legislation of the President is the Head of State of the Syrian Constitution of the Islamic Shariah is a principal in accordance with the legislation of the President is the Head of State .
, , . 2000 and commander on 10 June, President Assad died, Bashar al - Assad in a bid to make the younger (35 years) could legally run in succession, the Syrian parliament to convene an emergency special session, to be recognized in the Constitution, the presidential candidate's age from the 40 - year - old dropped to 34 - year - old 2000 and commander on 10 June, President Assad died, Bashar al - Assad in a bid to make the younger (35 years) could legally run in succession, the Syrian parliament to convene an emergency special session, to be recognized in the Constitution, the presidential candidate's age from the 40 - year - old dropped to 34 - year - old .
Parliament
Syria's People's Assembly in Syria's legislature, the legislative pow Syria's People's Assembly in Syria's legislature, the legislative pow . whose functions are nominated by the President of the Republic of China; andby law;discuss cabinet policy;through the national budget and development plans;approving the national security of the international treaties and agreements;Amnesty decided;It is accepted and approved the resignations of lawmakers, dismissed the cabinet members of the trust whose functions are nominated by the President of the Republic of China; andby law;discuss cabinet policy;through the national budget and development plans;approving the national security of the international treaties and agreements;Amnesty decided;It is accepted and approved the resignations of lawmakers, dismissed the cabinet members of the trust .
. 4 year term in May 2012, Syria held a new parliamentary election, Mohamed al - Jihad, Hamm was elected Speaker of the 4 year term in May 2012, Syria held a new parliamentary election, Mohamed al - Jihad, Hamm was elected Speaker of the .
Political Party
Baath Party since 1963 as Syria's ruling Baath Party Baath Party since 1963 as Syria's ruling Baath Party . the National Progressive Front is a united front under the leadership of the organization participated in the National Progressive Front of the National Progressive Front is a united front under the leadership of the organization participated in the National Progressive Front of .
- - . 5 August 2011, Syria issued a new law on political parties and the Electoral Code, allows multi - party 5 August 2011, Syria issued a new law on political parties and the Electoral Code, allows multi - party .
May 2012, seven for the newly formed opposition party in the new parliamentary elections, the Baath Party May 2012, seven for the newly formed opposition party in the new parliamentary elections, the Baath Party .: : .
called de - Baathification was founded in April, 1947 as a pan - Arab nationalist party called de - Baathification was founded in April, 1947 as a pan - Arab nationalist party . party determined by the DFL party, the nationalist and socialist political parties, whose task is to revive the Arab nation,Establishment of a unified Arab socialist motherland party determined by the DFL party, the nationalist and socialist political parties, whose task is to revive the Arab nation,Establishment of a unified Arab socialist motherland .
external colonialism and imperialism, and anti - Israeli Zionist, follow external colonialism and imperialism, and anti - Israeli Zionist, follow . nonalignment policy administrative as well as nationalization and land reform policies and measures nonalignment policy administrative as well as nationalization and land reform policies and measures .
since 1963 ruling Syria as Bashar Assad since 1963 ruling Syria as Bashar Assad . .
, general secretary of the Central Committee of the National Progressive Front: March 1972, it is the seat of the Baath Party to unite people of other political parties that united front organization consisting of , general secretary of the Central Committee of the National Progressive Front: March 1972, it is the seat of the Baath Party to unite people of other political parties that united front organization consisting of . concurrently called upon President Bashar and his chairman to attend concurrently called upon President Bashar and his chairman to attend .
the front's party is also owned by Syrian Arab Socialist Union, referred to simply as a "Social Union", founded in 1964, the original of the Egypt"Arab Socialist Union" in Syria branch secretary the front's party is also owned by Syrian Arab Socialist Union, referred to simply as a "Social Union", founded in 1964, the original of the Egypt"Arab Socialist Union" in Syria branch secretary . Safwan Goode West Safwan Goode West .
socialist unity molecules: Union Society is an organization that has broken away socialist unity molecules: Union Society is an organization that has broken away . .
Faiz Ismail, secretary - general of the Arab Socialist Party, also called Faiz Ismail, secretary - general of the Arab Socialist Party, also called . Arab socialist movement, was founded in 1950, 1953 and Baath Party merged in 1961 and again split out from the Baath Party General Secretary Abdullah Arab socialist movement, was founded in 1950, 1953 and Baath Party merged in 1961 and again split out from the Baath Party General Secretary Abdullah .
, , . Kanoute, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Communist Party: 1924 with the founding of the Kanoute, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Communist Party: 1924 with the founding of the .
is the predecessor of the Syrian and Lebanese Communist Party, 1958 - January established a republican Syria Li is the predecessor of the Syrian and Lebanese Communist Party, 1958 - January established a republican Syria Li . co in 1954,Syria to participate in the fight against imperialism and the national forces of the National Democratic Front ( co in 1954,Syria to participate in the fight against imperialism and the national forces of the National Democratic Front (.
at the beginning of the 21st century, there's two communist parties, namely: the Syrian Communist Party (Faisal) and the Communist Party and the Syrian Communist Party (Baghdad Shiite), both as a party participating in the current total of at the beginning of the 21st century, there's two communist parties, namely: the Syrian Communist Party (Faisal) and the Communist Party and the Syrian Communist Party (Baghdad Shiite), both as a party participating in the current total of . Syria (Fischer) and the Communist Party general secretary Yusuf Faisal today, a total of (Ba) and the Communist Party general secretary Le Vasa Farrar Juha Baghdad why Syria (Fischer) and the Communist Party general secretary Yusuf Faisal today, a total of (Ba) and the Communist Party general secretary Le Vasa Farrar Juha Baghdad why .
democratic socialist unity party molecules: on 10 October 1974 established democratic socialist unity party molecules: on 10 October 1974 established . is unified by the Socialist Party split out molecules composed of persons of a Nasserist party is unified by the Socialist Party split out molecules composed of persons of a Nasserist party .
February 1989 to join the Progressive National Front General Secretary Ahmed Fuad Ace February 1989 to join the Progressive National Front General Secretary Ahmed Fuad Ace . .
Government
Syria's President of the Republic and of the Council of Ministers exercise executive power, the People's Assembly district leadership of the Ba 'ath Party in Syria in accordance with the proposal put forward presidential candidates, then, by secret ballot to elect a president is a seven - year term of office of the President of the Syria's President of the Republic and of the Council of Ministers exercise executive power, the People's Assembly district leadership of the Ba 'ath Party in Syria in accordance with the proposal put forward presidential candidates, then, by secret ballot to elect a president is a seven - year term of office of the President of the . .
. He is also the commander - in - chief of the armed forces of that president is to appoint one or several Vice - President of the Republic of Burundi, and to determine their functions and powers;Appointment of Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, and accepts their resignation or released of their duties;Ministers had been negotiated with the country's general policy and supervise its implementation;Parliament endorsed the publication of the people of the law;in accordance with the laws in force, he issued a decree and instructions;In the People's Assembly agreed to declare war, "and he concluded peace;announced the revocation and the very state;dispatched to foreign ambassadors in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic credentials;in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China or with the approval of the abolition of the treaties and international agreements;announce forgiveness and rehabilitation; He is also the commander - in - chief of the armed forces of that president is to appoint one or several Vice - President of the Republic of Burundi, and to determine their functions and powers;Appointment of Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, and accepts their resignation or released of their duties;Ministers had been negotiated with the country's general policy and supervise its implementation;Parliament endorsed the publication of the people of the law;in accordance with the laws in force, he issued a decree and instructions;In the People's Assembly agreed to declare war, "and he concluded peace;announced the revocation and the very state;dispatched to foreign ambassadors in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic credentials;in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China or with the approval of the abolition of the treaties and international agreements;announce forgiveness and rehabilitation;.
awarded the medal of the President of the Republic of kicking the can down the road and with good reason decided to dissolve the National Assembly, while the new parliament must be dissolved after the People's Assembly to be held within 90 days;not for the same reason again disbanded the People's Assembly awarded the medal of the President of the Republic of kicking the can down the road and with good reason decided to dissolve the National Assembly, while the new parliament must be dissolved after the People's Assembly to be held within 90 days;not for the same reason again disbanded the People's Assembly . president can turn with the highest national interest of the important issues relating to the referendum, the results of the referendum date from the President of the Council of Ministers president can turn with the highest national interest of the important issues relating to the referendum, the results of the referendum date from the President of the Council of Ministers .
is the highest administrative organ of the state, it is to monitor the implementation of the Act, the supervision organs of the organization and work of the Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers is the highest administrative organ of the state, it is to monitor the implementation of the Act, the supervision organs of the organization and work of the Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers . by Chairman, Vice - President and the Ministers, the President of the Council of Ministers and the Ministers to the President in charge of the by Chairman, Vice - President and the Ministers, the President of the Council of Ministers and the Ministers to the President in charge of the .
Judicial
Syria in the whole country and the Higher Constitutional Court, the provincial and city, the prefecture's courts and the Court of the incumbent president from the Higher Constitutional Court Syria in the whole country and the Higher Constitutional Court, the provincial and city, the prefecture's courts and the Court of the incumbent president from the Higher Constitutional Court . Adnan Zakaria Adnan Zakaria .
Rigg Rigg.
Dignitaries
Syrian President Bashar al - Assad, the late President Hafez al - Assad's second son in September 1965 Syrian President Bashar al - Assad, the late President Hafez al - Assad's second son in September 1965 . .
Damascus and part of the group of ophthalmologists, who studied medicine in London for a master's degree at the University of Damascus and part of the group of ophthalmologists, who studied medicine in London for a master's degree at the University of . Barca's elder brother in a car crash in 1994, gave up a career in politics started Barca's elder brother in a car crash in 1994, gave up a career in politics started .
1994 into the Homs Military Academy, and was promoted to Major in 1995, 1996 and entered the Command Staff College, in January 1998, from January 1999 to lieutenant colonel, and served as president of Syria's information, the Republican Guard Brigade - 1994 into the Homs Military Academy, and was promoted to Major in 1995, 1996 and entered the Command Staff College, in January 1998, from January 1999 to lieutenant colonel, and served as president of Syria's information, the Republican Guard Brigade - . 105 deputy brigade commander in June 2000 after the death of President Al - Assad,Ba was promoted general of division and a reclassification of the Commander - in - Chief of the armed forces, July 10 and from the point of view of the president - elect, the May 2007 election 105 deputy brigade commander in June 2000 after the death of President Al - Assad,Ba was promoted general of division and a reclassification of the Commander - in - Chief of the armed forces, July 10 and from the point of view of the president - elect, the May 2007 election .
is married and has two sons and a daughter is married and has two sons and a daughter . Vice President Farouq al - Shara, 1938 was born in Daraa, Vice President Farouq al - Shara, 1938 was born in Daraa, .
graduated from Damascus University graduated from Damascus University . 1963 - 1976 at a Syrian airline work 1963 - 1976 at a Syrian airline work .
1977 1977 . syrian ambassador to Italy in January 1980, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Ren Mar 1984 syrian ambassador to Italy in January 1980, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Ren Mar 1984 .
. incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs since February 2006, he served as Vice President, Prime Minister incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs since February 2006, he served as Vice President, Prime Minister .
Wa 'el al - Ji, was born in 1964 in the southwest of the Syrian province of Deraa,Graduated in 1987 at the Faculty of Medicine of Damascus, from 2000 to 2004, served as the headquarters of the Baath party in Daraa province, secretary to the Minister of Health of the Syrian government since 2010 Wa 'el al - Ji, was born in 1964 in the southwest of the Syrian province of Deraa,Graduated in 1987 at the Faculty of Medicine of Damascus, from 2000 to 2004, served as the headquarters of the Baath party in Daraa province, secretary to the Minister of Health of the Syrian government since 2010 . 9 August 2012 took up the post of Prime Minister 9 August 2012 took up the post of Prime Minister .
Referendum
February 27, 2012, the Syrian interior minister Shah announced, effective national voters 837. 6 million people voting share of the electorate of 57. 4% wherein, 89. 4% of voters voted in favour of the draft new Constitution
The draft assigned by Bashar's 29 - member committee that drafted the The draft assigned by Bashar's 29 - member committee that drafted the . according to contents of the draft, the country's political system diversity principle, one - party state, that is a party;the age of 23 years, have written and reading capabilities of Syrian citizens have the right to vote through the implementation of the democratic regime according to contents of the draft, the country's political system diversity principle, one - party state, that is a party;the age of 23 years, have written and reading capabilities of Syrian citizens have the right to vote through the implementation of the democratic regime .
vote, the president is directly elected by the people, for a term of 7 years, renewable once only vote, the president is directly elected by the people, for a term of 7 years, renewable once only . according to these provisions, bashar, whose term ends in 2014 according to these provisions, bashar, whose term ends in 2014 .
constitution in 1973, adopted on 12 March of the current constitution declared the Syrian Arab Republic is a socialist country, a Muslim - law classes and the planned economy, constitution in 1973, adopted on 12 March of the current constitution declared the Syrian Arab Republic is a socialist country, a Muslim - law classes and the planned economy, .
Agriculture
Syrian agriculture in the national economy occupy the important position of the Arab world five grain exporters in the Syrian agriculture in the national economy occupy the important position of the Arab world five grain exporters in the . mostly farmland with irrigation, produces wheat, barley, cotton, grapes, olives, figs and pears, plums etc mostly farmland with irrigation, produces wheat, barley, cotton, grapes, olives, figs and pears, plums etc .
fruit exports cotton with wheat, barley, fruit exports cotton with wheat, barley, .
Industrial
Syria's industrial foundation is weak, the state - dominated, modern industry only with decades - old Syria's industrial foundation is weak, the state - dominated, modern industry only with decades - old . existing industry is divided into the extractive industries, hydroelectric industry and industrial existing industry is divided into the extractive industries, hydroelectric industry and industrial .
extractive industries include petroleum, natural gas, phosphate, marble etc. processing industry is mainly used in the textile, food, leather, chemicals, cement, tobacco, etc processing industry is mainly used in the textile, food, leather, chemicals, cement, tobacco, etc .
the Syrian and Iraqi Kirkuk oilfield sea tubing of territory - transit place the Syrian and Iraqi Kirkuk oilfield sea tubing of territory - transit place .
Tourism
Syria has one of the better and the potential of the tourism development foundation, the government also attaches great importance to the development of tourism, especially at the beginning of the 21st century, the economic reform process in Syria, giving priority to the development of the tourism industry received government approval and support, so that tourism is of Syria has one of the better and the potential of the tourism development foundation, the government also attaches great importance to the development of tourism, especially at the beginning of the 21st century, the economic reform process in Syria, giving priority to the development of the tourism industry received government approval and support, so that tourism is of . Syria's Ministry of Tourism, according to figures published in 2004, the tourism revenue reached $2.2 billion, compared to 2003 of US $1.4 billion, a rise of 57.1%, the cumulative number of visitors to Syria reached 615. 3 million people,2003 of 430 million people grew by 40%
wherein neighboring Arab countries by the number of tourists in 2003 to $154 million in 2004 to 235 million, to the rapid growth of the European and American tourists in 2003 to 22 million in 2004 to 300,000 people, the economy also grew relatively significant wherein neighboring Arab countries by the number of tourists in 2003 to $154 million in 2004 to 235 million, to the rapid growth of the European and American tourists in 2003 to 22 million in 2004 to 300,000 people, the economy also grew relatively significant . In addition, the sharp increase of tourists, Syria in each hotel where the person is also up from 43 per cent in 2002, overall hotel occupancy rate reached 66% In addition, the sharp increase of tourists, Syria in each hotel where the person is also up from 43 per cent in 2002, overall hotel occupancy rate reached 66% .
Currency Syrian pound (also called) is a Syrian lira currency, coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25, banknotes in denominations of 50,100, 500, 1000;at the beginning of the 21st century the US $1 = 50 Syrian pounds ( Currency Syrian pound (also called) is a Syrian lira currency, coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25, banknotes in denominations of 50,100, 500, 1000;at the beginning of the 21st century the US $1 = 50 Syrian pounds (. exchange rates 2013 - 10 - 08): Syrian pounds = 1 - 0. 0446 yuan, 1 Syrian pounds = $. 0073, 1 Syrian pounds = 0.7071 yen
financial Syrian government regulations: all of the banks, insurance companies and supervise foreign trade financial Syrian government regulations: all of the banks, insurance companies and supervise foreign trade . in February 2001, the parliament adopted the Syrian people and to allow the establishment of private banks in securities markets legislation in February 2001, the parliament adopted the Syrian people and to allow the establishment of private banks in securities markets legislation .
Central bank of Syria and the Syrian Commercial Bank Central bank of Syria and the Syrian Commercial Bank.
Culture
Language
Syria's three national languages Arabic, English and French, a handful of Syrians still use the ancient aramaic Syria's three national languages Arabic, English and French, a handful of Syrians still use the ancient aramaic .
Religious
Syrian residents in 85 percent of the Islamic faith, where Christian Syrian residents in 85 percent of the Islamic faith, where Christian . 14%, Sunni Islam makes up 80% of the total in the country (68%), accounting for 20% of Shia, Alawite Shias in accounting for 75% of the total in the country (11. 5%)
Literature
By the early 16th century, Syria was under Ottoman rule, its literature is primarily follow in the footsteps of the old traditional By the early 16th century, Syria was under Ottoman rule, its literature is primarily follow in the footsteps of the old traditional . the end of the 19th century, the Syrian people's awareness of national consciousness, is against the Turkish tyranny, had long fought the end of the 19th century, the Syrian people's awareness of national consciousness, is against the Turkish tyranny, had long fought .
in Egypt the modern revival of culture and European culture under the influence of the literary development gradually in Egypt the modern revival of culture and European culture under the influence of the literary development gradually . writer Abdul - Rahman, Wajir ratio (1854 ~ 1902) authored the "tyranny of nature", attacked the Turkish tyranny;Jay Kubra Ille de la Nouvelle (1836 - 1892), a long poem by the throne and temple ", called on the Syrian people to overthrow the Turkish rule;Francis Rush Mai (1835 ~ 1873) of the novel "The truth of the jungle", expressed the people's pursuit of freedom, liberation, and build the new requirements;writer, poet, Abu Ishaq Eddie (1856 - 1885) and works of poetry to sing warmly the praises of Human Dignity and Liberty, he translated and introduced some writer Abdul - Rahman, Wajir ratio (1854 ~ 1902) authored the "tyranny of nature", attacked the Turkish tyranny;Jay Kubra Ille de la Nouvelle (1836 - 1892), a long poem by the throne and temple ", called on the Syrian people to overthrow the Turkish rule;Francis Rush Mai (1835 ~ 1873) of the novel "The truth of the jungle", expressed the people's pursuit of freedom, liberation, and build the new requirements;writer, poet, Abu Ishaq Eddie (1856 - 1885) and works of poetry to sing warmly the praises of Human Dignity and Liberty, he translated and introduced some .
European literature of the 19th century to early 20th century, a large number of writers could not bear the coercion, exiled playwright European literature of the 19th century to early 20th century, a large number of writers could not bear the coercion, exiled playwright . Abu Omar Jalil Gerba's (1833 - 1903) lived in Egypt, according to the history and legends of the "Arabian Nights" stories, he wrote many plays 50 Abu Omar Jalil Gerba's (1833 - 1903) lived in Egypt, according to the history and legends of the "Arabian Nights" stories, he wrote many plays 50 .
poet nesiritide Bu Ali (1887 ~ 1946) diaspora in the Americas, is the Arab Immigrant.Literature in" pen ", an important member of theplay an important role in the historical novel "King of the library's Story" (1921) 1920, French Syria to carry out a mandate 1920, French Syria to carry out a mandate .
1921 to 1945, the people held to launch the uprising against Syria's modern literature has had a profound influence on 1921 to 1945, the people held to launch the uprising against Syria's modern literature has had a profound influence on . poet homes Figg Jere Bu (1898 ~) in "oriole song of his poem, with symbolism of colonialism in the repression of the freedoms of the people on poet homes Figg Jere Bu (1898 ~) in "oriole song of his poem, with symbolism of colonialism in the repression of the freedoms of the people on .
Khairu Ding Qi crescenta (1893 ~)" My Motherland "and other poems, inveighing against the colonists of atrocities Khairu Ding Qi crescenta (1893 ~)" My Motherland "and other poems, inveighing against the colonists of atrocities . Mai Eid Liam Baker (1895 ~) of the Covenant and neighbors",to reveal the colonialism as well as at the mercy of the weak and the fate of the poet Mai Eid Liam Baker (1895 ~) of the Covenant and neighbors",to reveal the colonialism as well as at the mercy of the weak and the fate of the poet .
Bud, David J. Brailer (1904 ~) and the like also wrote numerous poems, the poet of the solidarity of the national struggle Bordj Omar Abu Sha Lei etc then with symbolism and allegorical technique to express one's motherland, Chinese nationality and of the Bordj Omar Abu Sha Lei etc then with symbolism and allegorical technique to express one's motherland, Chinese nationality and of the .
in this period the writer Michael Aru, Einar Utzon (1892 - 1948) of the novel "Bordj Omar Ben column Bu" (1936), and Bordj Omar Abu Sha Lei of the Drama "Man, Carl Battle" (1936) and the historical works and He Xin, chairman of the Dawei (1906 ~) from Greek mythology of the drama "Prometheus",eulogize the glorious history of the Arab nation and against alien of some traditional in this period the writer Michael Aru, Einar Utzon (1892 - 1948) of the novel "Bordj Omar Ben column Bu" (1936), and Bordj Omar Abu Sha Lei of the Drama "Man, Carl Battle" (1936) and the historical works and He Xin, chairman of the Dawei (1906 ~) from Greek mythology of the drama "Prometheus",eulogize the glorious history of the Arab nation and against alien of some traditional . writer is depicting social realities, such as Su Bu Heinrich Abu Ernie Wallace's novel "Song of the Night", the Ali Khel is in the "Spring and Autumn" (1931), Mohammad Nai Jia's" Damascus palace "(1937) and the like, and the ability of the national struggle and love and marriage problems, but most of them in a sentimental strain writer is depicting social realities, such as Su Bu Heinrich Abu Ernie Wallace's novel "Song of the Night", the Ali Khel is in the "Spring and Autumn" (1931), Mohammad Nai Jia's" Damascus palace "(1937) and the like, and the ability of the national struggle and love and marriage problems, but most of them in a sentimental strain .
novel in the l930s breakthrough is Fouad Sa Bu Yi (1910 - 1970),His short stories" the machine's funeral "(1932) performance of state - of - the - art technology in the countryside and the repercussions of the conflict;short stories, "The scars of history" reflected the peasants revolted against Ottoman rule of spontaneous struggle, artistic feature - rich, is thought to be the starting point of the modern Syrian novels novel in the l930s breakthrough is Fouad Sa Bu Yi (1910 - 1970),His short stories" the machine's funeral "(1932) performance of state - of - the - art technology in the countryside and the repercussions of the conflict;short stories, "The scars of history" reflected the peasants revolted against Ottoman rule of spontaneous struggle, artistic feature - rich, is thought to be the starting point of the modern Syrian novels . Shirky Bu Jarvis (1912 ~) than in the novel "greed" (1937), "tricks of fate" (1939) a western cultural invasion in Syrian society, reflecting the lives of young people, and contradiction of ideal and Shirky Bu Jarvis (1912 ~) than in the novel "greed" (1937), "tricks of fate" (1939) a western cultural invasion in Syrian society, reflecting the lives of young people, and contradiction of ideal and .
after World War II, in 1951, a group of writers founded the Syrian Writers Union, they are against "art for art's sake, put forward the" art of the people, in life, in the service of society "slogan,Syria realism literature plays an important role for the developm ent of after World War II, in 1951, a group of writers founded the Syrian Writers Union, they are against "art for art's sake, put forward the" art of the people, in life, in the service of society "slogan,Syria realism literature plays an important role for the developm ent of . 1954, Ha, Nai Published the novel "Room", which during the Second World War the Syrian people's life and uprising against the French colonialists and waging a struggle against Syria "in the important work of 1954, Ha, Nai Published the novel "Room", which during the Second World War the Syrian people's life and uprising against the French colonialists and waging a struggle against Syria "in the important work of .
in the 1950s and 1960s was the literary prosperity in Syria during the period, a lot of struggle for national liberation" is characterized by a prominent in the 1950s and 1960s was the literary prosperity in Syria during the period, a lot of struggle for national liberation" is characterized by a prominent . famous authors and works of women writers Ira Rifat Atun and Ed Libby (1912 ~) with a collection of short stories" The Syrian story "(1954)," Damascus" (1963),Abdul Salem, Jerry (1917 ~) with a collection of short stories" Betrayer "(1960), Abdul - Rahman Pasha" The Stories of "heroes of the land", Mourad West Bay with a collection of short stories" initially of Mars" (1962), Zachariah Tamil short story collection, "Bai Ji whinny" (1959), Serra Miner Obeid's novel "Abu Samah Bill" famous authors and works of women writers Ira Rifat Atun and Ed Libby (1912 ~) with a collection of short stories" The Syrian story "(1954)," Damascus" (1963),Abdul Salem, Jerry (1917 ~) with a collection of short stories" Betrayer "(1960), Abdul - Rahman Pasha" The Stories of "heroes of the land", Mourad West Bay with a collection of short stories" initially of Mars" (1962), Zachariah Tamil short story collection, "Bai Ji whinny" (1959), Serra Miner Obeid's novel "Abu Samah Bill" .
and the like during this period but also in the works reflect social problems, such as Haider Haider's short story "The Leopard", describes the class contradictions of rural farmers and spontaneous struggle;George Salem of the "poor", the performance of the working people poor and suffering;Hani Salim Bu of the novel "Loser", a group of college students experienced twists and turns of life;Le Bailly was against the West's novel "enjoyed herself to sorrow" (1963), exposed the dark forces of society, is a paean of praise to labour and struggle there, and the like during this period but also in the works reflect social problems, such as Haider Haider's short story "The Leopard", describes the class contradictions of rural farmers and spontaneous struggle;George Salem of the "poor", the performance of the working people poor and suffering;Hani Salim Bu of the novel "Loser", a group of college students experienced twists and turns of life;Le Bailly was against the West's novel "enjoyed herself to sorrow" (1963), exposed the dark forces of society, is a paean of praise to labour and struggle there, . Syed Hourani's collection of short stories and one winter season ", Suide - Ismail of the novels" Traitor" (1965) and the like Syed Hourani's collection of short stories and one winter season ", Suide - Ismail of the novels" Traitor" (1965) and the like .
reflect on the question of Palestine of the works also occupies an important position, such as Bai Di - Aping, Haji's short story collection "Sorrow of the Land" (1961), Faris, Zell's short story collection "until the last drop of blood" (1961) and other Syrian reflect on the question of Palestine of the works also occupies an important position, such as Bai Di - Aping, Haji's short story collection "Sorrow of the Land" (1961), Faris, Zell's short story collection "until the last drop of blood" (1961) and other Syrian . xml: namespace prefix = o ns = "urn: schemas - microsoft - com: office: the poet Sulaiman Isa (1921 ~)He's in "Dawn" (1954), "the vastness of the sea" and the like in this anthology, is a paean of praise to the Arab people for liberation xml: namespace prefix = o ns = "urn: schemas - microsoft - com: office: the poet Sulaiman Isa (1921 ~)He's in "Dawn" (1954), "the vastness of the sea" and the like in this anthology, is a paean of praise to the Arab people for liberation .
SHEIKH, Gerba's (1923 ~) in "the girl said to me" "You Belong With Me" and other books of poetry are depicted in Arab women's life, and denounced social practices, glorifying pure love SHEIKH, Gerba's (1923 ~) in "the girl said to me" "You Belong With Me" and other books of poetry are depicted in Arab women's life, and denounced social practices, glorifying pure love . 30 years, Syria's realism is the mainstream of his works, but there are also many existentialist writers such as manifestations of this method during the Arab and Middle East in turmoil and a cause of social problems and contradictions and people have been able to pursue, as George Salem of the novels" In Exile "(1962),Mu Thar Seidman's novel "The fate of a generation" (1960) "professional revolutionary" (1962) and the like 30 years, Syria's realism is the mainstream of his works, but there are also many existentialist writers such as manifestations of this method during the Arab and Middle East in turmoil and a cause of social problems and contradictions and people have been able to pursue, as George Salem of the novels" In Exile "(1962),Mu Thar Seidman's novel "The fate of a generation" (1960) "professional revolutionary" (1962) and the like .
20 century 70s, Syria important writers and works with Xavi Mired, Nye's novel "Cloud Cuckoo Land" by days of sun, "" anchor "," Shadow ", Zachariah Tamil short story collection," dull ", Ellerbe Rifat Atun and Ed Libby's novel" Don't Cry? " 20 century 70s, Syria important writers and works with Xavi Mired, Nye's novel "Cloud Cuckoo Land" by days of sun, "" anchor "," Shadow ", Zachariah Tamil short story collection," dull ", Ellerbe Rifat Atun and Ed Libby's novel" Don't Cry? ".
Diet
Syrians of staple food is flour and rice flour to the fermentation of the dough is all the people like Syrians of staple food is flour and rice flour to the fermentation of the dough is all the people like . Syrians of food on the table common dishes include roast lamb, chicken, fish, boiled beef, cucumber, marinated olives, cheese, tomato salad, lettuce, onions, and beans stew Syrians of food on the table common dishes include roast lamb, chicken, fish, boiled beef, cucumber, marinated olives, cheese, tomato salad, lettuce, onions, and beans stew .
sweets is made up of Syrians also love to eat the food, meals sweets is made up of Syrians also love to eat the food, meals . almost indispensable in terms of refreshments, people drink tea coffee almost indispensable in terms of refreshments, people drink tea coffee .
of the League of Arab States in addition to the tale and beauty of folk customs, Arab cuisine but also in their time of the League of Arab States in addition to the tale and beauty of folk customs, Arab cuisine but also in their time .
Customs
custom and etiquette to guests as a gift: to Syrian persons home or to the organs, enterprises or paid an official visit, the host will usually have with a cup of coffee for the coffee and entertain guests custom and etiquette to guests as a gift: to Syrian persons home or to the organs, enterprises or paid an official visit, the host will usually have with a cup of coffee for the coffee and entertain guests . was a dedicated small jugs and mugs, coffee is served in the hands of those who only take four to five cups, was a dedicated small jugs and mugs, coffee is served in the hands of those who only take four to five cups, .
if multiple guests, the front man for Bi back then, no longer brushing if multiple guests, the front man for Bi back then, no longer brushing . each time, a quantity of coffee, there is only about one - third cup of each time, a quantity of coffee, there is only about one - third cup of .
guests drink after drink as no longer to the left and right shaking of the cup, a dish, the host with the water in a coffee cup until the cup is shaken guests guests drink after drink as no longer to the left and right shaking of the cup, a dish, the host with the water in a coffee cup until the cup is shaken guests . but, over time, is it? What's are not so strict as but, over time, is it? What's are not so strict as .
don't want to drink,Waving Syrians in don't want to drink,Waving Syrians in . can see each other for a handshake, embrace and custom can see each other for a handshake, embrace and custom .
colleagues and friends generally meet with the handshake show welcome colleagues and friends generally meet with the handshake show welcome . in reuniting with relatives or for trips out of town when the bear - hug and kiss on the cheek three times (only between the sexes, the male is left, right, left.it's a woman right, left, right,
as close to the gills will also kiss while clicked his mouth there came a loud noise) as close to the gills will also kiss while clicked his mouth there came a loud noise) . to foreign visitors, meeting for the first time, the general use of the handshake show welcome to foreign visitors, meeting for the first time, the general use of the handshake show welcome .
in the case of the second interview, and hugged, usually twice, from left to right, such as their friendship is very deep (three as left, right, left) in the case of the second interview, and hugged, usually twice, from left to right, such as their friendship is very deep (three as left, right, left) . between male and female with the handshake show welcome between male and female with the handshake show welcome .
call Syrians to usual Mr, Mrs, Miss call Syrians to usual Mr, Mrs, Miss . proportionality relationship better acquainted each other in said the other aliases, such as the use of "Abu Anytown" i.e. "Father" as a nickname for
women in the name is prefixed with "Thetis", i.e.," Mrs. "or"Mrs So - and -" Business Etiquette Syrians according to business customs, Dongyue visit should wear a conservative suit style Business Etiquette Syrians according to business customs, Dongyue visit should wear a conservative suit style .
visiting government offices or large companies must make for visiting government offices or large companies must make for . date if the opponent's late, man! Come on, show impatience, This is disrespectful of date if the opponent's late, man! Come on, show impatience, This is disrespectful of .
sales pose lower sales pose lower . you can explain this, the opponent will bargain and demand a discount you can explain this, the opponent will bargain and demand a discount .
Arabs habits and friends and other guests at the same time to discuss some of the problems this Arabs habits and friends and other guests at the same time to discuss some of the problems this ., , .
Don't you feel strange heads of credit, to Syria for the first time that sold and bought, Always require irrevocable letter of credit,do not collect the drawer, i.e. the complex of promissory notes preferably (Syrian pounds) based on CIF, FOB basis preferably (Syrian pounds) based on CIF, FOB basis .
best business cards printed in English and Arabic to English and most syrians best business cards printed in English and Arabic to English and most syrians ., , .
most French foreign - owned enterprises (SOEs) and belonging to different unions most French foreign - owned enterprises (SOEs) and belonging to different unions . Syria is an Islamic tradition of Syria is an Islamic tradition of .
countries when invited you to a local coffee shop to drink coffee, we should not continue, the business case was invited to dinner at their apartment, to guarantee there are men, even the waiters were male countries when invited you to a local coffee shop to drink coffee, we should not continue, the business case was invited to dinner at their apartment, to guarantee there are men, even the waiters were male . should bring a gift to each other, rather than to their ploy should bring a gift to each other, rather than to their ploy .
Syrian national attention given in the "Quran",Islamic law of learning and the like, in the state - run primary and secondary schools, religion is compulsory Syrian national attention given in the "Quran",Islamic law of learning and the like, in the state - run primary and secondary schools, religion is compulsory . dating customs in the capital Damascus, and prevailing in the bath in the dating of the custom dating customs in the capital Damascus, and prevailing in the bath in the dating of the custom .
men want to marry when his mother left it on his behalf, but serious candidates are on the lookout for a bride, a girl is fancied after preliminary, kidnapped the mother invites the girl and her mother together public bathroom, and showering with chat, via the "interview" after the clapper men want to marry when his mother left it on his behalf, but serious candidates are on the lookout for a bride, a girl is fancied after preliminary, kidnapped the mother invites the girl and her mother together public bathroom, and showering with chat, via the "interview" after the clapper . wedding, the bride is often tricked out in jewels, like a beautiful princess and take great pride in the religious customs of Islam in Syria wedding, the bride is often tricked out in jewels, like a beautiful princess and take great pride in the religious customs of Islam in Syria .
fasting during the month, i.e. the Hijra calendar of September, commonly known as the "Ramadan",called "Maidan" think Islam, Allah of Muhammad at the age of 40 in the Hijra calendar in September, put the lection of Quran taught him, so this month is considered the most auspicious year, the most sacred month think Islam, Allah of Muhammad at the age of 40 in the Hijra calendar in September, put the lection of Quran taught him, so this month is considered the most auspicious year, the most sacred month .
To honour, Muslims fast during this month, a day without eating, working time is shortened accordingly, even in the case of diplomatic ritual banquets, also must not be held until after sunset To honour, Muslims fast during this month, a day without eating, working time is shortened accordingly, even in the case of diplomatic ritual banquets, also must not be held until after sunset . because of the Gregorian calendar with the Hegira calendar every year has an 11 - day difference every year Ramadan time because of the Gregorian calendar with the Hegira calendar every year has an 11 - day difference every year Ramadan time .
taboo of taboos in Syrian society is divided into two categories, one of the religious aspect of the present invention;Second, the general aspects of Muslim life taboo of taboos in Syrian society is divided into two categories, one of the religious aspect of the present invention;Second, the general aspects of Muslim life . the consumption of pork, to eat their own dead animals or blood in the the consumption of pork, to eat their own dead animals or blood in the .
eat not read "too Smee," while the slaughter of animals;grotesque eat scaleless aquatic animals or land animals that does not chew the cud eat not read "too Smee," while the slaughter of animals;grotesque eat scaleless aquatic animals or land animals that does not chew the cud . simultaneously pious Islamic people also temperance simultaneously pious Islamic people also temperance .
and the other is the long - term habits caused and the other is the long - term habits caused . as in soup or other hot beverages, it forbade the making of any sounds at the entrance of the forbidden food as in soup or other hot beverages, it forbade the making of any sounds at the entrance of the forbidden food .
. comeback during the meal, the food with a right - handed, not left - handed comeback during the meal, the food with a right - handed, not left - handed .
Military
National Defense
Modern military honor and disgrace, while the 20th - century war times one of the largest providers of Modern military honor and disgrace, while the 20th - century war times one of the largest providers of . Syrian forces are: Army, Air Force, Navy, and Air Defense Force Syrian forces are: Army, Air Force, Navy, and Air Defense Force .
Syrian army weapons are mainly: the Soviet - era research and development of tanks, artillery, missiles, surface - to - air missile that Syrian army weapons are mainly: the Soviet - era research and development of tanks, artillery, missiles, surface - to - air missile that . constitution, the president is commander - in - chief of the armed forces military chief constitution, the president is commander - in - chief of the armed forces military chief .
is the headquarters of the armed forces, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence and General Staff is the headquarters of the armed forces, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence and General Staff . the Ministry of Defence in the government one minister, is the highest military and administrative organs, administrative head of the army,training and military production results of the work of the armed forces by the Ministry of Defence in the government one minister, is the highest military and administrative organs, administrative head of the army,training and military production results of the work of the armed forces by .
regular and paramilitary forces secured the regular and paramilitary forces secured the . regular army division by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the three Services and the Ministry of Defence headquarters in regular army division by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the three Services and the Ministry of Defence headquarters in .
of the Main Staff of the People's Bank of China shall, under the leadership of the work usually responsible for the Army, a combat or wartime commander - in - command of the first - stage preferential billing according to the Office for the Coordination of Army, Navy and Air Force combat operations of the Main Staff of the People's Bank of China shall, under the leadership of the work usually responsible for the Army, a combat or wartime commander - in - command of the first - stage preferential billing according to the Office for the Coordination of Army, Navy and Air Force combat operations . Xujun Politburo in charge of army propaganda, and shall be under the leadership of the Syrian Baath Party headquarters and the headquarters of the President through the Defense Xujun Politburo in charge of army propaganda, and shall be under the leadership of the Syrian Baath Party headquarters and the headquarters of the President through the Defense .
,Staff of the Armed Forces Command and over the whole PLA and leadership of the President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Command and ,Staff of the Armed Forces Command and over the whole PLA and leadership of the President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Command and . Assad Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen (July 2000) appointed deputy commander of the armed forces and Assad Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen (July 2000) appointed deputy commander of the armed forces and .
defence minister Fahd Jassem A. jay - chief Ali Abdullah Al - Bu Ai You jay - chief Ali Abdullah Al - Bu Ai You .
Military
As of 2014, Syria's standing army of 31.6 million Army 21. 5 million people in Syria to numbered 3 Command 9 armored divisions (each division encoding three armored brigades, one mechanized brigade, 1 artillery regiment), four mechanized divisions (each division series 2 armored brigades, two mechanized brigades, one artillery regiment), and one or more of the Republican Guard divisions (including 3 armoured brigade, one mechanized brigade, 1 artillery regiment), 1 special forces division (3) special forces regiments, six independent infantry brigades, 1 Brigade of the border, two independent artillery brigades, one independent antitank brigades, 10 independent special forces regiments,3 Surface to Surface Missile Brigade (three battalions per brigade, each of which is equipped with a "frog", "Scud" type, the SS - 21 missile), and for the establishment of coastal defense missile (SS - Brigade equipped C - 1B "sepals" and SS - C - 3" Styx "missiles)
6000 people about Navy submarines: Soviet - made" R "- class conventional attack submarines, 3 torpedo boats (each of which has no fighting ability) 6000 people about Navy submarines: Soviet - made" R "- class conventional attack submarines, 3 torpedo boats (each of which has no fighting ability) . frigates:" Bie Jia Grade 2 Grade 3 frigates:" Bie Jia Grade 2 Grade 3 .
coastguard: 18 coastguard: 18 . Minesweepers: five for the Minesweepers: five for the .
amphibious ships: three LSM amphibious ships: three LSM . logistic support vessels: 4 vessels, including two support ship, 1 support ship, 1 support hydrographic logistic support vessels: 4 vessels, including two support ship, 1 support ship, 1 support hydrographic .
naval aviation:antisubmarine helicopter 24, wherein the meter 14 - 20, the card - type rack 4 25 naval aviation:antisubmarine helicopter 24, wherein the meter 14 - 20, the card - type rack 4 25 . Air Force about 4 million of fixed - wing aircraft 589 rack, the rack portion 87 armed helicopter (possibly reserve) Air Force about 4 million of fixed - wing aircraft 589 rack, the rack portion 87 armed helicopter (possibly reserve) .
battle / strike aircraft;9 Squadron 154 airplanes Su - 22 type rack 90, MiG - 23BN type frame 44, the Su - 24 - 20, MiG - 29 fighter battle / strike aircraft;9 Squadron 154 airplanes Su - 22 type rack 90, MiG - 23BN type frame 44, the Su - 24 - 20, MiG - 29 fighter . rack 42: 17 Squadron rack 310, where the MiG - 21 for 170 of the rack, the rack 90 MiG - 23, MiG - 25 - 30, MiG - 29 42 rack 42: 17 Squadron rack 310, where the MiG - 21 for 170 of the rack, the rack 90 MiG - 23, MiG - 25 - 30, MiG - 29 42 .
reconnaissance aircraft: 14, where the MiG - 25R - 6 aircraft, the MiG - 21H / 8 reconnaissance aircraft: 14, where the MiG - 25R - 6 aircraft, the MiG - 21H / 8 . J - type rack transport aircraft: An - 26 - 5, the "Falcon" 20 type 2 frame, the "Irgun" - 76 - 4, Yakovlev Yak - 40 - 7, the "Falcon" 900 - 1 frame,The Tu - 134 - 6, Mi - 2 helicopter 10 helicopters, a Mi - 8 / 17 - - 100 J - type rack transport aircraft: An - 26 - 5, the "Falcon" 20 type 2 frame, the "Irgun" - 76 - 4, Yakovlev Yak - 40 - 7, the "Falcon" 900 - 1 frame,The Tu - 134 - 6, Mi - 2 helicopter 10 helicopters, a Mi - 8 / 17 - - 100 .
armed helicopter: 87, where the Mi - 24 48, SA - 342L type rack 39 armed helicopter: 87, where the Mi - 24 48, SA - 342L type rack 39 . trainer: 137, wherein the L - 39 of the 80, MBB 223 - type 20, MiG - 21U rack - type 20, MiG - 23UM - 6 aircraft, the MiG - 5 25U - type frame, "Ma was the rack - type anti - ship missile trainer: 137, wherein the L - 39 of the 80, MBB 223 - type 20, MiG - 21U rack - type 20, MiG - 23UM - 6 aircraft, the MiG - 5 25U - type frame, "Ma was the rack - type anti - ship missile .
6: AT - 2, AS - 7, AS - 12 type, jewel type and" Holt "type missile. U AAM: AA - 2" Atoll "type, AA - 6" sinister. "-, AA - 7 "spire" -, AA - 8 "Aphid" type, AA - 10 "poplar" type, AA - 11 "Archer", the AA - 12 "Viper"
several anti - Syrian air defense forces of about 5.5 million people numbered 25 air defense brigade (about 150 - to - air fire unit, including the 600 - 2 / SA - 3, 200 to a portion of the SA - 6 surface - to - door 400 ZSU - 23 - 4 antiaircraft guns), two missile regiment (2 battalions of each regiment, each Battalion 2 missile firepower unit, a total of 48 SA - 5, 60 SA - 8 missile,SA - 10 SAM unit 48) numbered 25 air defense brigade (about 150 - to - air fire unit, including the 600 - 2 / SA - 3, 200 to a portion of the SA - 6 surface - to - door 400 ZSU - 23 - 4 antiaircraft guns), two missile regiment (2 battalions of each regiment, each Battalion 2 missile firepower unit, a total of 48 SA - 5, 60 SA - 8 missile,SA - 10 SAM unit 48) .
Traffic
Highway
Syria's domestic transport is mainly by road, as of 2014, 45860 km in length, connecting the cities, towns, and with Turkey, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon Syria's domestic transport is mainly by road, as of 2014, 45860 km in length, connecting the cities, towns, and with Turkey, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon .
Railway
As of 2014, Syria's total railway length 2798 km As of 2014, Syria's total railway length 2798 km .
Waterway
As of 2014, there are mainly Syrian port of Latakia and Tartus port two As of 2014, there are mainly Syrian port of Latakia and Tartus port two .
Airlift
As of 2014, Syria, in addition to the Damascus International Airport, as well as 6 provincial local airport As of 2014, Syria, in addition to the Damascus International Airport, as well as 6 provincial local airport . after the volatility of the situation in Syria, by the Americans in the Western and Arab League sanctions and military conflict, Syrian foreign airlines sharply after the volatility of the situation in Syria, by the Americans in the Western and Arab League sanctions and military conflict, Syrian foreign airlines sharply .
Social
Education
Syria's popularization of compulsory primary education is compulsory for junior substantially Syria's popularization of compulsory primary education is compulsory for junior substantially . .
making colleges are University of Damascus, Aleppo University, the University and College making colleges are University of Damascus, Aleppo University, the University and College . revival in October revival in October.
Medical
Syria's public hospitals, implement basic medicare system, nominal fee for the cost of treatment, but with limited health care, the medicines patients need care Syria's public hospitals, implement basic medicare system, nominal fee for the cost of treatment, but with limited health care, the medicines patients need care . private hospital facilities, conditions are relatively good, but the cost is high private hospital facilities, conditions are relatively good, but the cost is high .
most Syrian civilians to Government - Run Hospital treatment most Syrian civilians to Government - Run Hospital treatment . at the beginning of the 21st century, there were 1060 at the medical center, a hospital of the 77, 18395 sickbed at the beginning of the 21st century, there were 1060 at the medical center, a hospital of the 77, 18395 sickbed .
doctor Zhang 19678 people (average) 747 people / doctors, dentists 9764 people (average people) 1489 / doctor, obstetrician 6672 nurse 29500 people doctor Zhang 19678 people (average) 747 people / doctors, dentists 9764 people (average people) 1489 / doctor, obstetrician 6672 nurse 29500 people . 1998 life expectancy was 68. 5 years old
Minsheng
Syria is one of the few countries in the world where low - price countries, social welfare is also a perfect Syria is one of the few countries in the world where low - price countries, social welfare is also a perfect . farmers need to pay a small amount of water and electricity charges and taxes farmers need to pay a small amount of water and electricity charges and taxes .
Syria considered himself a socialist country, thus increasing the burden of our government Syria considered himself a socialist country, thus increasing the burden of our government .
The Media
Syrian national Arabic dailies are "unfriendly", "Al - Thawra", "October", which has a circulation of 4 million copies in the Albanian dailies have Syrian national Arabic dailies are "unfriendly", "Al - Thawra", "October", which has a circulation of 4 million copies in the Albanian dailies have . endemic "Mass"," devotion "," Arabism "and" L 'Unita " endemic "Mass"," devotion "," Arabism "and" L 'Unita ".
english - language daily newspaper" Syria Times" and the Arabic word "Farmers Weekly" and "Workers Weekly" english - language daily newspaper" Syria Times" and the Arabic word "Farmers Weekly" and "Workers Weekly" . is the official news agency SANA, Syrian radio station established in 1936, at the provincial, city and the establishment of a local radio station Radio is the official news agency SANA, Syrian radio station established in 1936, at the provincial, city and the establishment of a local radio station Radio .
has two programs, the average cumulative daily broadcasting 34 hours, in addition to Arabic, also broadcast to English and French, German, Russian,soil (Turkey), Greek (in Hebrew), west (Spain) and 7 languages has two programs, the average cumulative daily broadcasting 34 hours, in addition to Arabic, also broadcast to English and French, German, Russian,soil (Turkey), Greek (in Hebrew), west (Spain) and 7 languages . broadcasting by Syrian TV, which was established in July 1960, runs three channels, for a full day's accumulated playing 48 hours broadcasting by Syrian TV, which was established in July 1960, runs three channels, for a full day's accumulated playing 48 hours .
except language program that broadcasts English -, French except language program that broadcasts English -, French . program in September 2001, called upon President Bashar and the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 50, announced a new press and publications law, enacted in 1949 to replace the old
of the provisions of the Law, a publishing licensing by the Minister of Information, on the proposal of the Prime Minister approved of the provisions of the Law, a publishing licensing by the Minister of Information, on the proposal of the Prime Minister approved . is the official news agency SANA, Syria news agency there is the official news agency SANA, Syria news agency there .
. Syrian TV and Radio Damascus Syrian TV and Radio Damascus.
Diplomatic
Policy
Syrian foreign follows nonalignment, colonialism and imperialism, opposition to the racist policy of a multidimensional foreign policy, advocating for the Arab States of the Union, to large and small countries equal on the basis of a new international architecture, support and participate actively in the Non - Aligned Movement (NAM) Syrian foreign follows nonalignment, colonialism and imperialism, opposition to the racist policy of a multidimensional foreign policy, advocating for the Arab States of the Union, to large and small countries equal on the basis of a new international architecture, support and participate actively in the Non - Aligned Movement (NAM) . is the League of Arab States, Arab Inter - Parliamentary Union and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries members is the League of Arab States, Arab Inter - Parliamentary Union and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries members .
27 November 2011 EU announced new sanctions against Syria, on Dec. 2, the US government officially endorsed, including the financial and energy companies such as expected sanctions would affect Syrian finance, banks and energy companies,At the same time, it can be a Bashar's government bodies expected sanctions would affect Syrian finance, banks and energy companies,At the same time, it can be a Bashar's government bodies .
Syria - China Relations
On August 1, 1956, Syria established diplomatic ties with China On August 1, 1956, Syria established diplomatic ties with China . June 2004, President Bashar's state visit to China by June 2004, President Bashar's state visit to China by .
Overall Chinese on very friendly terms with Syria, the Syrian Arab people in China are also very friendly Overall Chinese on very friendly terms with Syria, the Syrian Arab people in China are also very friendly . the appraise the importance both governments attach to bilateral economic and trade cooperation and the appraise the importance both governments attach to bilateral economic and trade cooperation and .
2007, governed by the bilateral trade volume reached 18. 7 billion in 2006, an increase of 9%
Soviet - Syrian Relations
In 1944, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Syria and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War In 1944, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Syria and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War ., pursued a pro - Soviet policies, 1980, Syria signed the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co - operation, building relationships , pursued a pro - Soviet policies, 1980, Syria signed the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co - operation, building relationships .
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Syria admitted a constituent republic of the Soviet Union's independence, and said Syria will be in mutual respect and common interests of the parties on the basis of these countries to establish diplomatic relations, China - Russia relations are developing and the after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Syria admitted a constituent republic of the Soviet Union's independence, and said Syria will be in mutual respect and common interests of the parties on the basis of these countries to establish diplomatic relations, China - Russia relations are developing and the .
When It Comes To The Relationship
In 1948, between Syria and Israel during the PalestinianWar in In 1948, between Syria and Israel during the PalestinianWar in . Direct conflict first took place in 1967, the June 5 War, Israel occupied Golan Heights of Syria Direct conflict first took place in 1967, the June 5 War, Israel occupied Golan Heights of Syria .
, the 1973 October war "in Syria and Egypt fought together against Israel, inflicted heavy losse on the enemy, and recaptured a part of the Golan Heights, but lost it immediately afterwards , the 1973 October war "in Syria and Egypt fought together against Israel, inflicted heavy losse on the enemy, and recaptured a part of the Golan Heights, but lost it immediately afterwards . 14 December 1981, Israel passed by Parliament in the implementation of the Golan Heights under Israeli law bill, and attempted to gain the legal form of the annexation of the Golan Heights of Israel 14 December 1981, Israel passed by Parliament in the implementation of the Golan Heights under Israeli law bill, and attempted to gain the legal form of the annexation of the Golan Heights of Israel .
a practise that Syrian and other Arab countries firmly oppose a practise that Syrian and other Arab countries firmly oppose . thereafter,Syria in order to regain golan heights with Israel's long and arduous negotiations, although with progress, no written agreement has ever been reached thereafter,Syria in order to regain golan heights with Israel's long and arduous negotiations, although with progress, no written agreement has ever been reached .
post - iraq war in 2003, the leaders of the two countries expressed their desire to resume the talk, but with positions too much apart post - iraq war in 2003, the leaders of the two countries expressed their desire to resume the talk, but with positions too much apart . despite the Syria peace talks to die a slow, bumpy road, but to improve bilateral relations, easing regional situation the right way to despite the Syria peace talks to die a slow, bumpy road, but to improve bilateral relations, easing regional situation the right way to .
22 June 2012, Syria shot down a Turkish RF - 4 F4 ("Phantom") military fighter aircraft, the aircraft ultimately fell into the Mediterranean,The Syrian crisis has become a regional crisis 22 June 2012, Syria shot down a Turkish RF - 4 F4 ("Phantom") military fighter aircraft, the aircraft ultimately fell into the Mediterranean,The Syrian crisis has become a regional crisis . after the incident, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan (Şımga) were declared hostilities, and declared that Turkey considers Syria a threat after the incident, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan (Şımga) were declared hostilities, and declared that Turkey considers Syria a threat .
warned Turkey would discourage any from Syria of its military forces near the borders of warned Turkey would discourage any from Syria of its military forces near the borders of . June 22, 2008, citing the Charter of the United Nations pursuant to article 4, i.e. if a Member State considers that its own security is under threat as well as allowing members to consultations with allies
On June 26, 2012 NATO meeting in Brussels, NATO allies expressed solidarity with Turkey On June 26, 2012 NATO meeting in Brussels, NATO allies expressed solidarity with Turkey . October 13, 2012,Syria's Foreign Ministry says Damascus is ready to establish a direct dialogue with Turkey to ease their tense relations October 13, 2012,Syria's Foreign Ministry says Damascus is ready to establish a direct dialogue with Turkey to ease their tense relations .
Syria - Lebanon Relationships
Syria and Lebanon in the French Mandate at the time of the same country, Syria and Lebanon in the French Mandate at the time of the same country, . Lebanon after independence, that high degree of Syria, Syria remains" special relationship " Lebanon after independence, that high degree of Syria, Syria remains" special relationship ".
1976 5 months later, Syrian troops initially (about 2. 8 million people) has been committed to the" Arab Deterrent Force "in the name of Li stationed in May 1991, Syria signed" a brotherly relationship of cooperation and coordination of the treaty "and" national security and defense treaty "on 2 September 2004, the United States, France and other countries with a Security Council Resolution 1559, demanding Syrian withdrawal of troops in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, April 2005, announcing the withdrawal of its troops in Lebanon in full,Security personnel and military equipment stationed in May 1991, Syria signed" a brotherly relationship of cooperation and coordination of the treaty "and" national security and defense treaty "on 2 September 2004, the United States, France and other countries with a Security Council Resolution 1559, demanding Syrian withdrawal of troops in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, April 2005, announcing the withdrawal of its troops in Lebanon in full,Security personnel and military equipment .
on 26 April, the last batch of Lebanon "about 250 Syrian soldiers from Lebanon in the eastern Bekaa Valley - Mer airbase of the Syrian withdrawal, marking an end to Lebanon for up to 29 - year presence on 26 April, the last batch of Lebanon "about 250 Syrian soldiers from Lebanon in the eastern Bekaa Valley - Mer airbase of the Syrian withdrawal, marking an end to Lebanon for up to 29 - year presence . 2008 on 12 July and 13 August, the Lebanese President Michel Suleiman and Syrian President Bashar Assad in Damascus and Paris met on two occasions, both parties announced the decision to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level 2008 on 12 July and 13 August, the Lebanese President Michel Suleiman and Syrian President Bashar Assad in Damascus and Paris met on two occasions, both parties announced the decision to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level .
15 October, Syria's foreign minister signed the Joint Communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations, the two countries established formal diplomatic relations.
Bilateral Relations
February 25, 2010, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al - Moallem and Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki in Damascus signed a bilateral agreement for mutual exemption of visas February 25, 2010, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al - Moallem and Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki in Damascus signed a bilateral agreement for mutual exemption of visas . the Effective Date, the Syria - Iraq bilateral will mutual exemption of diplomatic, official or private passport visa the Effective Date, the Syria - Iraq bilateral will mutual exemption of diplomatic, official or private passport visa .
etc.
Syrian - US Relations
In 1946, Syria with the United States works In 1946, Syria with the United States works . 1967 Six Day War broke out the next day, Syria announced cutting ties with the United States in 1974 1967 Six Day War broke out the next day, Syria announced cutting ties with the United States in 1974 .
6 months between the two countries diplomatic 6 months between the two countries diplomatic . in 1986, together with the US in support of Syria cutting ties with Britain, announced the withdrawal of its ambassador to Syria in 1987 relations in 1986, together with the US in support of Syria cutting ties with Britain, announced the withdrawal of its ambassador to Syria in 1987 relations .
normal normal . on 12 December 2003, former U.S. President George Bush signed with syria's economic and diplomatic sanctions, the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Act, which prohibits the U.S. to Syria for the export of military products and, in addition to food and pharmaceutical products of the
in May 2004,United States began the implementation of Syria's economic and diplomatic sanctions bill in May 2004,United States began the implementation of Syria's economic and diplomatic sanctions bill . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 months, the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri, the U.S. push for a series of resolutions adopted by the Council, called on Kazakhstan to cooperate fully with the text of the International Independent Investigation Commission to investigate, Syrian - US relations were strained
America is still the Syria supporting terrorism activities of the national blacklist America is still the Syria supporting terrorism activities of the national blacklist . in October 2008, the U.S. military helicopter port cross - border raids in north - eastern syria, the syrian have strong arguments to
Syria is a strong current of anti - American sentiment, on 30 October 2008,U.S. temporarily closed its embassy and a beautiful local an American school in July 2009, the United States decided to lift some sanctions imposed on Syria, including civil aviation, communications and technology, information equipment and software and hardware aspects of the embargo an American school in July 2009, the United States decided to lift some sanctions imposed on Syria, including civil aviation, communications and technology, information equipment and software and hardware aspects of the embargo .
May 2010, The United States announced the US sanctions against Syria will be extended by a May 2010, The United States announced the US sanctions against Syria will be extended by a .
Relations With The Gulf
1990 Gulf War, Saudi Arabia - Syria should be requested to provide troops to the Gulf 1990 Gulf War, Saudi Arabia - Syria should be requested to provide troops to the Gulf . after the war, Syria has actively participated in the post - war Gulf security arrangements, to improve relations with the Gulf States after the war, Syria has actively participated in the post - war Gulf security arrangements, to improve relations with the Gulf States .
1991 March, Syria, Egypt and the Gulf Arab foreign ministers of the six countries convened a meeting in Damascus, the meeting was published as the "Damascus Declaration 1991 March, Syria, Egypt and the Gulf Arab foreign ministers of the six countries convened a meeting in Damascus, the meeting was published as the "Damascus Declaration .
