Afrikaans
Afrikaansis a descendent of Dutch which is spoken mainly in South Africa and Namibia by about 6 million people. There are also speakers of Afrikaans in Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Germany, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the UK, the USA, Zambia and Zimbabwe.Afrikaans retains some features of 18th century Dutch, together with vocabulary from various Bantu and Khoisan languages and also from Portugese and Malay. Speakers of Afrikaans can understand Dutch, though Dutch speakers tend to need a while to tune into Afrikaans.
From about 1815 Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa. At that time it was written with the Arabic alphabet. Afrikaans, written with the Latin alphabet, started to appeared in newspapers and political and religious works in about 1850. Then in 1875 a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Cape formed the Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders (Society for Real Afrikaners), and published a number of books in Afrikaans, including grammars, dictionaries, religious material and histories. They also published a journal called the Patriot.
During the early years of the 20th century there was ablossomingof academic interest in Afrikaans. In 1925 Afrikaans was recognised by the government as a real language, instead of a slang version of Dutch. Afrikaans has changed little since then.
發音變化：
b = 【 p 】 at the end of a word, 【 b 】 elsewherec = 【 s 】 before e, i or y, 【 k 】 elsewhere
d = 【 t 】 at the end of a word, 【 d 】 elsewhere
e = 【 æ 】 in some words, e.g. ek (I), berg (mountain), skêr (scissors), though in the dialect of Cape Town, Kaaps, the e in these words = 【 ɛ 】
g = 【 g 】 between l/r and e, 【 x 】 elsewhere
gh = 【 k 】 at the end of a word, 【 g 】 elsewhere
n = 【 ŋ 】 before c, k, q or x, 【 n 】 elsewhere
tj = 【 ʧ 】 at the beginning of a word, 【 c 】 in -tjie
w = 【 w 】 after a consonant, 【 v 】 elsewhere
