高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理
概述英語的動詞有三種語氣形式，即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。陳述語氣用來說明事實或就事實提出詢問，可用於陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句中；祈使語氣用於表示請求、命令、建議或警告等。
虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達假設、主觀願望、猜測、建議、可能或空想等非真實情況。如：
He is honest. 他很誠實。 （陳述語氣）
Don‘t be late next time. 下次別遲到。 （祈使語氣）
If I were you ，I would not go. 我要是你，我就不會去。 （虛擬語氣）
I wish I had a lot of money. 要是我有很多很多錢就好了。 （虛擬語氣）
第一類
虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法：
條件句有真實條件句和虛擬條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設是有可能發生的，此時主句不用虛擬語氣；而虛擬條件句則表示一種假想，與事實相反或不大可能會發生，此時用虛擬語氣。如：
If I have time，I will go. 假若我有時間，我就去。 （陳述語氣） If I were you，I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。 （虛擬語氣 ）
| 時態類型 | 主句謂語形式 | 條件句的謂語形式 | 例句 |
| 與現在事實相反 | would/should/could/might+ V原 | 動詞過去式 did *be 多用were | 1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I would certainly go if I had time. |
| 與過去事實相反 | would/should/could/might + have done | 動詞過去完成式 had done | 1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. |
| 與將來事實相反 | would/should/could/might + V原 | ①動詞過去式 ②should +V原 ③were + to do | 1.If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. ① 2. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.③ |
| *規律總結：從句都往過去推一個時態，如：與現在相反的if從句就用過去時；與過去相反用過去完成時（即過去的過去） | ​ | ​ | ​ |
1、l would/should/could/might主句謂語中的should主要用於第一人稱後；would表示結果還表示過去經常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：
If you tried again ，you would succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就會成功的。 (would表結果)
If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再試一試，你可能會成功的。 (might表可能)
If you tried again ，you could succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力)
2、錯綜時間虛擬條件句 即條件從句與主句所指時間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現在或將來，此時應根據具體的語境情況，結合上面提到的三種基本類型對時態作相應的調整：
If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下過雨的話，現在地面就會是濕的。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你當時聽我的話，你現在就會好多了。
3、If虛擬條件句的否定（含蓄條件句） 常考兩個句型：If it weren’t for…和If it hadn’t been for…，其意為“若不是(有)” “要不是”。如：
If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow. 要是沒有水植物就無法生長。
If it hadn’t been for your assistance ，we wouldn’t have succeeded.
=But for your assistance ，we wouldn’t have succeeded.
=Without your assistance ，we wouldn’t have succeeded.
4、If虛擬條件句的倒裝形式，即把were, had, should置於句首。例：
Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder.
Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…)
第二類
使用虛擬語氣的常見結構或從句：
1.*wish與hope接賓語從句的區別在於：hope表示一般可以實現的希望，賓語從句用陳述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實現的希望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。試比較：
（1） We hope they will come. (We don’t know if they can come.)
（2） We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.)
2.if only 與 I wish一樣，也用於表示與事實相反的願望，其後所虛擬語氣的時態與 wish後所接時態的情況相同：
If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當時聽了父母的話就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是願意和我一道去就好了!
*if only 通常獨立使用，沒有主句。
3.l would rather後句子用虛擬語氣 只分現在和過去
在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon後的that從句中, 句子謂語習慣上要用虛擬語氣， 表示"寧願做什麼" ，具體用法為：
① 一般過去時表示現在或將來的願望
I’d rather you went tomorrow (now). 我寧願你明天(現在)去。
② 用過去完成時表過去的願望
I’d rather you hadn’t said it. 我真希望你沒有這樣說過。
4.l as if (though)從句用虛擬語氣
以as if (as though)引導的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時用虛擬語氣,則與wish用法相同，例：
He acts as if he knew me. 他顯得認識我似的。
They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他們待我如陌生人。
He talks as if he had been abroad. 他說起話來好像曾經出過國。
註：兩點說明
(1) 從句所表示的內容若為事實或可能為事實，也可用陳述語氣：
It looks as if we’ll be late. 我們似乎要遲到了。
(2) 注意 It isn’t as if…的翻譯：
It isn’t as if he were poor. 他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。
第三類
從句中should+動詞原形，should可省略
1. 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) ,in case(以防)引導的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
She walked quietly lest she (should)wake up her roommates. 她走得很輕以免吵醒她的室友。
2. 表應當做 值得做 一類動詞後的賓語從句
建議advise, suggest, propose, recommend命令order, command
請求ask, demand, require, request指示direct
敦促urge提議move, vote
希望desire堅持insist
打算intend安排arrange
例如：
I insisted that he (should)stay. 我堅持要他留下。
He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他們到歐洲去。
He suggested that we shouldleave early. 他建議我們早點動身。
He ordered that it (should)be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。
I ask that he leave. 我要求他走開。
He requires that I (should)appear. 他要求我出場。
I move that we accept the proposal. 我提議通過這項提案。
He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去國外。
She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。
*suggest表“暗示”insist表“堅持認為”不用虛擬語氣
比較：
Heinsistedthat Ihad readhis letter. 他堅持說我看過他的信。
Heinsistedthat I should readhis letter. 他堅持要我看他的信。
Hesuggestedthat we (should) stayfor dinner. 他建議我們留下吃飯。
I suggestedthat you had a secretunderstanding with him. 我覺得你與他心照不宣。
3. order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名詞後的表語從句或同位語從句
Oursuggestionis that you（ should）be the first to go． 我們的建議是你應該第一個去。
4.*advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order
l “It is (was)+ 緊急 重要-- 帶感情色彩
上述demand/suggest等動詞過去分詞 或
important,natural,strange ,necessary，surprised, appropriate等形容詞 後的主語從句
1. It is orderedthat the army (should)get there by 4 a.m.
2. It is necessarythat she (should) besent there at once.
註：*It is necessary，important，strange，natural， advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ；it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed
第四類
It’s time後的從句用虛擬語氣
從句謂語通常用過去式表示 (早)該乾某事了
*有時也用過去進行時或“should+動詞原形”(較少見，且should不能省略)
ex. It’s time we went [were going, should go]. 我們該走了。
It’s time I was in bed. 我該上床睡了。(不用were)
It's time = It is (the very/high/right/about) time
至善教育將根據每位高三學生的學習方法、學習態度的不同，制定特有的學習方案，提供最全的高考英語學習策略。
wish和as if引導的虛擬
1.表示與現在事實相反的願望構成：主語 + wish (that) + 從句主語 + 動詞過去式 （be 一律用were）
例如：I wish I knew everything in the world.
I wish that the experiment were a success.
We wish we had wings.
構成：主語 + wish (that) + 從句主語 + would/could + have + 過去分詞或had + 過去分詞
例如：I wish that you had called yesterday.
I wish that I could have gone with you last night.
I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.
構成：主語 + wish (that) + 從句主語 + would/should/could/might + 原形動詞
例如：I wish that he could try again.
I wish that someday I should live on the moon.
We wish that they would come soon.
II. AS IF 引出的虛擬。
As if….表好像……我們經常會利用一下句型來表達不能實現的虛擬狀態：It is as if……。 (就好象是……)
As if + 從句， 主句。 （好像…… Sb.+ do…）表達一種假設的條件。而 As if 之後的假設內容的語法結構和wish虛擬的結構一樣。
L. 33 A Day to Remember 中原句， “As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives.” 就利用了和現在事實相反的假設虛擬。北京新東方名師指出，要善於總結出一些學習語法的技巧，如利用對比，舉例等方法進行學習。
註：Something is to happened，I'm to face it。
注意事項：
使用虛擬條件句時要注意的幾點：
1．當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間作出相應的調整。如：
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years’ time.
2．if 省略句
在條件句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首 , 變為倒裝句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→ Were I at school again, I would study harder.
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→ Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
注意：若省略的條件句中的謂語動詞是否定形式時，不能用動詞的縮略形式。如：我們可以說：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能說：Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
3．用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的介詞有with, without, but for。如：
What would you do with a million dollars? ( = if you had a million dollars)
We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help. ( = if we hadn't got your help)
But for the rain ( = If it hadn't been for the rain ), we would have finished the work.
4．含蓄條件句
有時為了表達的需要，在虛擬語氣中並不總是出現if引導的條件句，而通過其他手段來代替條件句。
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet. (副詞)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (連詞)
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. （定語從句）
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (連詞)
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raiser their output quickly. (獨立主格結構)
混合型與含蓄型虛擬語氣
1。混合型虛擬語氣：
當虛擬條件從句與結果主語所表達的時間不一致時，被稱為“混合條件句”，這種虛擬語氣被稱為“混合型虛擬語氣”，動詞的形式要根據它所表達的時間作相應調整。如：
If you had followedthe doctor's advice ,he would be all right now.(條件從句表達的時間是過去，因此用had+過去分詞；主句表示的時間是現在，因此用would+動詞原形)
2.含蓄型虛擬語氣：
有時候，虛擬條件不是通過if引導的條件句來表示，而是暗含在上下文中
（1）.用but for 、without(如果沒有）等來代替條件從句，如
Without electricity human life would be quite different=If there were no electricity ,human life would be quite different
(2) 用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示與上文的情況相反，從而引出虛擬語氣。如：
I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before. =I lost your address.If I hadn't lost your address ,I would have visited you long before.
(3) 虛擬條件通過but暗示出來。如：
He would have given you more help,but he was too busy
他本來會給你更多的幫助，但是他太忙了。也就是說，如果那時他不忙，他可以給你更多的幫助。句中but he was too busy實際上暗示了一個虛擬條件——如果那時他不忙
He would lose weight,but he eats too much
他本來可以減肥的，但是他吃的太多了。也就是說，如果他吃得不多的話，他是可以減肥的。句中的but he eats too much實際上暗示了一個虛擬條件——如果他吃得不多。
